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Radiographic Procedures 1 > Intro Lectures > Flashcards

Intro Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is an X-ray?

A

a photon of electromagnetic radiation

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2
Q

What was the first clinical use of X-rays?

A

John Hall-Edwards in Jan. 1896 to visualize a needle in an associates hand

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2
Q

Who discovered X-rays?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, called the unknown radiation x

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3
Q

What is your role as a medical radiation tech?

A
  1. operate x-ray equipment
  2. Deal with patients
  3. Perform radiographic procedures
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4
Q

What responsibilities fall under operating x-ray equipment?

A
  • understand how it works
  • set proper exposure factors for the procedure (kVp, mA, time)
  • be able to troubleshoot/perform QA
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5
Q

What responsibilities fall under deal with patients?

A
  • have patient change into hospital attire
  • obtain patient history prior to exam
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6
Q

What responsibilities fall under perform radiographic procedures?

A
  • verify that the order is correct
  • direct and manipulate patient into proper positions
  • ensure that only the anatomy of interest is being radiated
  • be able to respond to changing patient conditions
  • follow proper radiation safety protocols
  • ensure that resulting image is of diagnostic quality
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7
Q

What is a bucky?

A

it has the tray for the IR, and a grid to reduce scatter radiation
need to ensure tray is lined up with tube when in use
ensure it is actually inside

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8
Q

What are the four types of image receptors?

A

solid state digital detectors: used in digital radiography
CR cassette: used in computed radiography
Fluoroscopic IR: used in fluoroscopy
Film cassette: not commonly encountered anymore

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9
Q

How are CR cassettes read?

A

must be inserted into reader after exposure
must wait for image to be created on viewer
patient may have moved during processing

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10
Q

What are the benefits solid state detectors?

A

Image available for viewing immediately, shorter processing, much easier to adjust for repeats

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11
Q

What is a radiograph?

A

An image of a patient’s anatomy created by exposing it and an image receptor to X-rays

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12
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

Dynamic images, the colour is inverted, allows us to view movement, demonstrates the function as well as structure

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13
Q

What are the causes of motion that can affect X-rays?

A
  • heart pulsation
  • chills
  • peristalsis
  • tremors
  • spasms
  • pain
  • nervousness
  • discomfort
  • excitability
  • fear
  • age
  • breathing
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14
Q

How do you control motion for X-rays?

A
  • give the patient clear instructions
  • make the patients comfortable
  • use support devices
  • reduce exposure time
  • immobilize if necessary
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15
Q

What is the central ray?

A

the principal beam of x-rays, entered to the anatomy of interest

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16
Q

What is SID?

A

Source to image receptor distance - distance from where the x-rays are produced to the image receptor

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17
Q

What does the SID affect?

A

Magnification, detail of the image and patient dose

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18
Q

What are the common SID’s?

A

For most tabletop imaging and some Bucky - 40in or 102cm
For some Bucky - 44-48in or 112-122cm
For Bucky with a large OID or field size - 72in or 180cm

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19
Q

What is collimation?

A

restricting the beam to reduce the amount of radiation hitting the patient

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20
Q

Why use collimation?

A

safer for patient and better looking image

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21
Q

What are standard precautions in the lab?

A
  • Follow proper hand hygiene IN FRONT OF THE PATIENT
  • Clean equipment with alcohol after use
  • Wipe down any surface that patient’s face may come into contact with
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22
Q

What is the NOD approach?

A

A way to introduce yourself to the patient by sharing your name, occupation and duty

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23
Q

What should you do before imagining?

A
  • ensure proper patient ID
  • obtain clinical history
  • verify order
  • obtain consent
  • rule out pregnancy
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24
Q

When ruling out pregnancy what are the rules to follow?

A
  • always ask patients of reproductive age (10-55)
  • 10 day rule (within 10 days of the start of their last period is okay
  • Risk vs benefit (doesn’t mean you don’t image if pregnant, ask if absolutely necessary)
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25
Q

What is the ALARA principle?

A

As low as reasonably possible
3 core concepts of this are time, distance and shielding

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26
Q

How to achieve ALARA?

A
  • minimize repeats
  • proper filtration
  • proper collimation
  • optimal IR’s
  • higher kVp, lower mAs techniques when possible
  • SHIELDING
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27
Q

When is gonadal shielding advised?

A
  • gonads lie within or close to X-ray beam
  • the patient is of reproductive age
  • image will not be compromised
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28
Q

What should your annual dose of radiation not exceed?

A

<20mSv to whole-body

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29
Q

What is the oblique plane?

A

Any angle between corneal and sagittal plane

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30
Q

What is the cronal plane?

A

a vertical plane running side to side that divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior

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31
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

a vertical plane the passes through the body dividing it or any of its parts into right and left

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32
Q

What is the midsagittal plane?

A

A plane the goes through the midline of the body dividing it equally into left and right

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33
Q

What is the axial or transverse plane?

A

horizontal plane that splits the body into top and bottom

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34
Q

What is the intertiliac plane?

A

Runs horizontally across the top of hip bones

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35
Q

What is the occlusal plane?

A

along the bottom of the top teeth

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36
Q

What is the anatomic position?

A

face-forward, with palms forward
patient facing you
anterior of the hand would be the palm and of foot is top of foot

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37
Q

What is anterior?

A

front part of the anatomy

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38
Q

What is ventral?

A

also refers to the front
- the anterior part of the hand and posterior part of the foot

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39
Q

What is posterior?

A

back part of the anatomy

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40
Q

What is dorsal?

A

also refers to the back
- the posterior part of the hand and anterior part of the foot

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41
Q

What is palmer?

A

the anterior part of the hand (palm)

42
Q

What is planter?

A

The posterior part of the foot (the sole)

43
Q

What is superior?

A

Cephalad - nearer to the head or situated above

44
Q

What is inferior?

A

Caudad - nearer to the feet or situated below

45
Q

What is central?

A

the middle area or main part of an organ

46
Q

What is peripheral?

A

parts at or near the surface, edge or outside of another body part

47
Q

What is medial?

A

parts towards the midsagittal plane (pinky)

48
Q

What is lateral?

A

parts away from the midsagittal planeq

49
Q

What is distal?

A

farther from the point of attachment

50
Q

What is proximal?

A

closer to the point of attachment

51
Q

What is parietal?

A

the lining or wall of a body cavity

52
Q

What is visceral?

A

the covering of an organ

53
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

when comparing 2 body parts on the same side of the body

54
Q

What is contralateral?

A

when comparing 2 body parts on the opposite side of the body

55
Q

What is bilateral?

A

when talking 2 body parts on opposite sides of the body at the same time

56
Q

What is projection?

A

The path of the central ray from tube to IR, defined by the entrance and exit points on the patients body independent of position

57
Q

What is AP?

A

Anteroposterior - enters through the anterior part of the anatomy, and leaves through the posterior part

58
Q

What is PA?

A

Posteroanterior - enters through the posterior part of the anatomy, and leaves through the anterior part

59
Q

What is an axial projection?

A

additional term added when the central ray is angled at least 10 degrees to the anatomy
angle can be cephalad or caudad

60
Q

What are lateral projections?

A

mediolateral or lateromedial for extremities

61
Q

How are lateral projections named for axial skeleton?

A

based on which side of the patient is touching the IR

62
Q

What are oblique projections?

A

usually PA or AP oblique, achieved by having the patient rotated

63
Q

What are superoinferior projections?

A

central ray enters above the anatomy and exits below

64
Q

What are inferosuperior projections?

A

Central ray enters below the anatomy and exits above

65
Q

What is a tangential projection?

A

central ray touches, but does not cross the anatomy

66
Q

What are methods?

A

methods are projections that are named after the individuals that created them to show specific anatomy, will also have a standard projection name

67
Q

What is view?

A

how the anatomy is seen by the IR
i.e. projections of PA hand, view (exit point) would be anterior

68
Q

What is general body position?

A

the overall posture of the patient

69
Q

What is radiographic position?

A

how the patient is placed relative to IR

70
Q

What is upright or erect?

A

Patient is in vertical position

71
Q

What is recumbent?

A

lying down in any position

72
Q

What is supine?

A

recumbent, and laying on the back

73
Q

What is prone?

A

recumbent, lying on the stomach

74
Q

What is Trendelenburg?

A

supine with head tilted downward

75
Q

What is Fowler?

A

supine with head tilted upwards

76
Q

What is Sims?

A

recovery position, patient lying sei-prone on their left anterior side, left leg extended, right knee and hip partially flexed

77
Q

What is Lithotomy?

A

Supine with knees and hips flexed, thighs are rotated externally

78
Q

What are the radiographic positions?

A

lateral, oblique, decubitus and lordotic

79
Q

What are the lateral radiographic positions?

A

named according to what side is against IR
- Right/left lateral

80
Q

What are oblique radiographic positions?

A

named according to what side is against IR
RAO/LPO correspond and LAO/RPO correspond
RAO = right anterior oblique

81
Q

What are decubitus radiographic positions?

A

named according to what is against the table
- left/right lateral decubitus
lateral projections
- ventral decubitus (prone)
- dorsal decubitus (supine)

82
Q

What is the Lordotic radiographic position?

A

upright, patient leaning backwards

83
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

84
Q

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

80, supports and protects head and trunk

85
Q

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones, allows body to move

86
Q

How can you determine bone development in radiographs in long bones?

A

developing long bones have an epiphyseal plate
developed long bones have an epiphyseal line

87
Q

How can you determine bone development in radiographs in short bones?

A

wrist bones ossify at different ages

88
Q

How can you determine bone development in radiographs in flat bones?

A

cranial bones fuse as children develop

89
Q

What are the 4 habits types?

A

Sthenic, Asthenic, Hyposthenic and Hypersthenic

90
Q

What is Sthenic?

A

average

91
Q

What is Asthenic?

A

not average (very petite)

92
Q

What is hyposthenic?

A

less than average

93
Q

What is hypersthenic?

A

more than average

94
Q

What are the general rules in radiography?

A

Require a minimum of two projections (usually a lateral and an AP OR a PA)
- 90 degrees from each other
-removes superimposition
-determines alignment of fractures or foreign bodies
- some exceptions (i.e. kidney stones)

95
Q

What are the rules regarding joints?

A

Radiographic projections of joints require a MINIMUM OF 3 PROJECTIONS
-AP/PA, Lateral and oblique

96
Q

What are the 2 marker types required on radiographic images?

A
  • Anatomic markers (left/right)
  • Patient identification and date
97
Q

What are the rules regarding anatomic markers?

A
  • must be used on all radiographs
  • usually lead
  • should be in collimated light feel but NOT obstructing the anatomy
  • should not be on lead shielding
  • marker facing same was as patient (up or down)
  • should be placed on the lateral side of the anatomy
98
Q

What must radiographs include?

A

Date, patient name and/or ID, institution identity, right or left marker

99
Q

How should you view a radiograph?

A

In anatomic position

100
Q

What are exceptions to how you should view a radiograph?

A

Fingers, hands, wrists, forearms, feet and toes
- Done and hung PA
- fingers and toes pointing up

101
Q

How are lateral radiographs viewed?

A

viewed from the prospective of the X-ray tube

102
Q

How are oblique radiographs viewed?

A

as if the patient is in anatomic position

Radiographic Procedures 1 (6 decks)

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