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2a RRS > Intro (inflam cancer atheroscl) > Flashcards

Intro (inflam cancer atheroscl) Flashcards

1
Q

4 macroscopic signs of inflammation

A 
rubor (red)
tumor (swell)
calor (hot)
dalor (pain)
(+loss of function)
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2
Q

macroscopic feautures of chronic inflam

A 
chronic ulcer
chronic abscess cavity
thickening of wall of a hollow viscus
granulomatous inflam
fibrosis
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3
Q

hostology of inflam

acute vs chronic

A

neutrophils - acute inflam (quick and short lived)

lymphocytes plasma cells and macrophages - chronic inflam

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4
Q

process of acute inflam

A

changes in vessel calibre and thus flow
increased vascular permeability and fluid exudate formation
cellular exudate forms - emigration of neutrophil polymorphs into extravascular space

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5
Q

outcomes of acute inflam

A 
RESOLUTION
SUPPURATION (XS exudate)
repair and ORGANISATION (XS necrosis)
 ---> fibrosis
PROGRESSION to chronic inflam ---> fibrosis (persistent causal agent)
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6
Q

causes of acute inflam

A 
Clammy Helps Tiger Pass Medicines Barriers
Chemicals - corrosives
Hypersensitivity - parasite
Tissue necrosis
Physical agents - trauma
Microbial - pyogenic bacteria, viruses
bacterial toxins -
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7
Q

causes of chronic inflam

A

tranplant rejection
progression from acute
recurrent acute
primary chronic inflam (TB)

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8
Q

define a granuloma

A

an aggregate of epitheloid histiocytes

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9
Q

how does scar tissue form

A

fibroblasts lay down collagen - collagen on the wound forms scar tissue

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10
Q

describe pathogensis of an atheroma

A

forms as a result of atherosclerosis
= endothelial damage(increased vasc permeability, LEUKOCYTES adhesion)
accumulation of lipoproteins (LDL)
MONOCYTE adhesion to wall - morphs into MACROPHAGES activated (FOAM CELLS) - FATTY STREAKS
PLATELET adhesion
release of factors (forms smooth muscle cells)
smooth muscle cells release ECM - collagen etc
lipids acumulate

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11
Q

define thrombosis

A

is the formation of a solid mass from blood constituents in an intact vessel in a living person

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12
Q

define embolism

A

Is the process of a solid mass in the blood being carried through the circulation to a place where it gets stuck and blocks the vessel.

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13
Q

define ischaemia

A

reduction blood flow to a tissue without any other implications.

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14
Q

define infarction

A

Reduction in blood flow to a tissue that is so reduced that it cannot even support maintenance of the cells in that tissue = CELL DEATH

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15
Q

thrombosis pathogenesis

A 
platelet aggregatiuon
platelets release chemicals - stick to other platelets
clotting cascade
large protein - fibrin - forms
forms a mesh = get a thrombus
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16
Q

what causes thrombus formation (triad)

A

change vessel wall
change blood constitutes
change in blood flow

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17
Q

example of things causing a thrombus

A 
shear stress, hypertension (vessel wall change)
coag factors (change blood)
immobility post surgey (change blood flow)
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18
Q

what is the differeence between an atheroma and a thrombus

A

atherosclerosis - condition when cholesterol plaques develop on endothelium of blood vessels
thrombus - blood clot that is attached to the inner walls of the blood vessels - no calcification
DIFF CONSTITUENTS

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19
Q

define apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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20
Q

necrosis

A

traumatic cell death - in programmed (cerebral infarction)

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21
Q

define atrophy

A

decrease in size of a tissue due to decrease in number of constituent cells or decrease in their size (i.e muscle not used = shrinks)

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22
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in size of the constituent cells (weight lifting)

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23
Q

hyperplasia def

A

increase in size of a tissue due to incease in NUMBER of contituent cells (prostate)
PLAYER = get with lots of people = NUMBER)

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24
Q

dysplasia

A

imprecise term for morphologiacal changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer
increased cell growth and decreased differentiaiton

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25
Q

metaplasia def

A

change in differentiation of a celll form one fully differentiated type to another (acid refluz columnar to squamous)

26
Q

define neoplasm

A

a lesion resulting from autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells - persists after initiating stimuli removed

27
Q

define papilloma

A

-benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. squamous cell papilloma

28
Q

define adenoma

A

benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma.

29
Q

Carcinoma define

A

malignant tumour of epithelial cells. Prefixed by name of epithelial cell type e.g. transitional cell Ca.

30
Q

Adenocarcinomas define

A

Carcinomas of glandular epithelium

31
Q

benign connective tissue neoplasms

A 
lipoma - adipocytes
chondroma - cartilage
osteoma - bone
angioma - vascular
rhabdomyoma - striated muscle
leiomyoma - smooth muscle
32
Q

malignant connective tissue neoplasms are known as

A

sarcomas

33
Q

liposarcoma what is it

A

malignant connective neoplasm of adipose tissue

34
Q

osteosarcoma what is it

A

malignant connective neoplasm of bone

35
Q

what is osteoma

A

beinign malignant neoplasm of bone

36
Q

what is leiomycosarcoma

A

malig connective neoplasm of smooth muscle tissue

37
Q

mechanism of cariongenesis

A

evasion of host defence
shed surface antigens
aggregation with platelets
adhesion w other tumour cells

38
Q

what is inflam

A

Local physiological response to tissue injury

39
Q

what do neutrophils do in inflam

A

phagocytose pathogens

40
Q

what do macrophages do in inflam

A

secrete chem mediators for chemotaxis

41
Q

eg of acute inflam that isnt resolved

A

peptic ulcer
abscess
fibrosis

42
Q

what is a granuloma

A

aggregate of epitheloid histiocytes

43
Q

what are some systemic granulomatous diseases

A

sarcoidosis
TB
crohns
leprosy

44
Q

which infalm has plmyphocytes and plasma cells

A

chronic

45
Q

which inflam has macrophages

A

both

46
Q

which inflam has macrophages and neutrophils

A

acute

47
Q

what is virchows triad

A

stasis of blood flow
enodthelial injury
hypercoag
(IN THROMBOSIS)

48
Q

is arterial thrombosis high or low pressure

A

high

49
Q

which thrombosis is made of mainly platelets

A

arterial - white thrombus

50
Q

which is made of mainly coag factors

A

venous - red thrombus

51
Q

what type of thrombosis can lead to stroke or MI

A

arterial

52
Q

which thrombus type can lead to DVT of PE

A

venous

53
Q

what is reatment for arterial thrombosis vs venous

A 
arterial = antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel) 
venous = anti coag (warfarin, heparin)
54
Q

which type of thrombus is most commonly due to stasis

A

venous

55
Q

plaque formation process

A
  1. endothelial cell dysfunction
    2, increase LDL in blood - accumulates in wall
  2. macrophages - go to site and uptake lipid = foam cell (inflam response)
  3. fatty streak
  4. cytokine and growth factor release
  5. smooth muscle prolif around lipid core - fibrous cap forms (collagen)
56
Q

in which of necrosis and apoptosis are cell organneles intact and contents reiatined

A

apoptosis not necrosis

57
Q

what is carcinogeneiss

A

transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutatiuons

58
Q

benign vs malignant turmours diffeerences

A 
benign - doesnt invade BASEMENT MEMBE 
often grows exophytic (outwards)
low mitotic activity 
circumscribed
necrosis/ulceration rare 
MALIG = OPPOSITE
59
Q

efffect of benign tumours

A

pressure on adj structures
paraneoplastic effect 9anxiety()
transformation into malig tumour

60
Q

histological appearance of malig tumours

A

hgih mitotic activity
pleomorphism
hyperchromatic nuclei
poorly defined boreder

61
Q

mechanism of metastasis

A

detachment of tunour cells from neighbours
invasion of surr connective tissue
intravsation into vessel lumen
evasion of host defence i.e nat killer cells
adherance to endothelium
extravasation - from vessel t surr tissue

2a RRS (26 decks)

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