Intro (inflam cancer atheroscl) Flashcards by Becca Stirling

4 macroscopic signs of inflammation

rubor (red)
tumor (swell)
calor (hot)
dalor (pain)
(+loss of function)

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macroscopic feautures of chronic inflam

chronic ulcer
chronic abscess cavity
thickening of wall of a hollow viscus
granulomatous inflam
fibrosis

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hostology of inflam

acute vs chronic

neutrophils - acute inflam (quick and short lived)

lymphocytes plasma cells and macrophages - chronic inflam

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process of acute inflam

changes in vessel calibre and thus flow
increased vascular permeability and fluid exudate formation
cellular exudate forms - emigration of neutrophil polymorphs into extravascular space

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outcomes of acute inflam

RESOLUTION
SUPPURATION (XS exudate)
repair and ORGANISATION (XS necrosis)
 ---> fibrosis
PROGRESSION to chronic inflam ---> fibrosis (persistent causal agent)

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causes of acute inflam

Clammy Helps Tiger Pass Medicines Barriers
Chemicals - corrosives
Hypersensitivity - parasite
Tissue necrosis
Physical agents - trauma
Microbial - pyogenic bacteria, viruses
bacterial toxins -

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causes of chronic inflam

tranplant rejection
progression from acute
recurrent acute
primary chronic inflam (TB)

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define a granuloma

an aggregate of epitheloid histiocytes

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how does scar tissue form

fibroblasts lay down collagen - collagen on the wound forms scar tissue

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describe pathogensis of an atheroma

forms as a result of atherosclerosis
= endothelial damage(increased vasc permeability, LEUKOCYTES adhesion)
accumulation of lipoproteins (LDL)
MONOCYTE adhesion to wall - morphs into MACROPHAGES activated (FOAM CELLS) - FATTY STREAKS
PLATELET adhesion
release of factors (forms smooth muscle cells)
smooth muscle cells release ECM - collagen etc
lipids acumulate

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define thrombosis

is the formation of a solid mass from blood constituents in an intact vessel in a living person

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define embolism

Is the process of a solid mass in the blood being carried through the circulation to a place where it gets stuck and blocks the vessel.

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define ischaemia

reduction blood flow to a tissue without any other implications.

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define infarction

Reduction in blood flow to a tissue that is so reduced that it cannot even support maintenance of the cells in that tissue = CELL DEATH

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thrombosis pathogenesis

platelet aggregatiuon
platelets release chemicals - stick to other platelets
clotting cascade
large protein - fibrin - forms
forms a mesh = get a thrombus

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what causes thrombus formation (triad)

change vessel wall
change blood constitutes
change in blood flow

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example of things causing a thrombus

shear stress, hypertension (vessel wall change)
coag factors (change blood)
immobility post surgey (change blood flow)

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what is the differeence between an atheroma and a thrombus

atherosclerosis - condition when cholesterol plaques develop on endothelium of blood vessels
thrombus - blood clot that is attached to the inner walls of the blood vessels - no calcification
DIFF CONSTITUENTS

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define apoptosis

programmed cell death

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necrosis

traumatic cell death - in programmed (cerebral infarction)

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define atrophy

decrease in size of a tissue due to decrease in number of constituent cells or decrease in their size (i.e muscle not used = shrinks)

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define hypertrophy

increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in size of the constituent cells (weight lifting)

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hyperplasia def

increase in size of a tissue due to incease in NUMBER of contituent cells (prostate)
PLAYER = get with lots of people = NUMBER)

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dysplasia

imprecise term for morphologiacal changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer
increased cell growth and decreased differentiaiton

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metaplasia def

change in differentiation of a celll form one fully differentiated type to another (acid refluz columnar to squamous)

define neoplasm

a lesion resulting from autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells - persists after initiating stimuli removed

define papilloma

-benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. squamous cell papilloma

define adenoma

benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma.

Carcinoma define

malignant tumour of epithelial cells. Prefixed by name of epithelial cell type e.g. transitional cell Ca.

Adenocarcinomas define

Carcinomas of glandular epithelium

benign connective tissue neoplasms

``` lipoma - adipocytes chondroma - cartilage osteoma - bone angioma - vascular rhabdomyoma - striated muscle leiomyoma - smooth muscle ```

malignant connective tissue neoplasms are known as

sarcomas

liposarcoma what is it

malignant connective neoplasm of adipose tissue

osteosarcoma what is it

malignant connective neoplasm of bone

what is osteoma

beinign malignant neoplasm of bone

what is leiomycosarcoma

malig connective neoplasm of smooth muscle tissue

mechanism of cariongenesis

evasion of host defence shed surface antigens aggregation with platelets adhesion w other tumour cells

what is inflam

Local physiological response to tissue injury

what do neutrophils do in inflam

phagocytose pathogens

what do macrophages do in inflam

secrete chem mediators for chemotaxis

eg of acute inflam that isnt resolved

peptic ulcer abscess fibrosis

what is a granuloma

aggregate of epitheloid histiocytes

what are some systemic granulomatous diseases

sarcoidosis TB crohns leprosy

which infalm has plmyphocytes and plasma cells

chronic

which inflam has macrophages

both

which inflam has macrophages and neutrophils

acute

what is virchows triad

stasis of blood flow enodthelial injury hypercoag (IN THROMBOSIS)

is arterial thrombosis high or low pressure

high

which thrombosis is made of mainly platelets

arterial - white thrombus

which is made of mainly coag factors

venous - red thrombus

what type of thrombosis can lead to stroke or MI

arterial

which thrombus type can lead to DVT of PE

venous

what is reatment for arterial thrombosis vs venous

``` arterial = antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel) venous = anti coag (warfarin, heparin) ```

which type of thrombus is most commonly due to stasis

venous

plaque formation process

1. endothelial cell dysfunction 2, increase LDL in blood - accumulates in wall 3. macrophages - go to site and uptake lipid = foam cell (inflam response) 4. fatty streak 5. cytokine and growth factor release 6. smooth muscle prolif around lipid core - fibrous cap forms (collagen)

in which of necrosis and apoptosis are cell organneles intact and contents reiatined

apoptosis not necrosis

what is carcinogeneiss

transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutatiuons

benign vs malignant turmours diffeerences

``` benign - doesnt invade BASEMENT MEMBE often grows exophytic (outwards) low mitotic activity circumscribed necrosis/ulceration rare MALIG = OPPOSITE ```

efffect of benign tumours

pressure on adj structures paraneoplastic effect 9anxiety() transformation into malig tumour

histological appearance of malig tumours

hgih mitotic activity pleomorphism hyperchromatic nuclei poorly defined boreder

mechanism of metastasis

detachment of tunour cells from neighbours invasion of surr connective tissue intravsation into vessel lumen evasion of host defence i.e nat killer cells adherance to endothelium extravasation - from vessel t surr tissue