Intro (inflam cancer atheroscl) Flashcards
4 macroscopic signs of inflammation
rubor (red) tumor (swell) calor (hot) dalor (pain) (+loss of function)
macroscopic feautures of chronic inflam
chronic ulcer chronic abscess cavity thickening of wall of a hollow viscus granulomatous inflam fibrosis
hostology of inflam
acute vs chronic
neutrophils - acute inflam (quick and short lived)
lymphocytes plasma cells and macrophages - chronic inflam
process of acute inflam
changes in vessel calibre and thus flow
increased vascular permeability and fluid exudate formation
cellular exudate forms - emigration of neutrophil polymorphs into extravascular space
outcomes of acute inflam
RESOLUTION SUPPURATION (XS exudate) repair and ORGANISATION (XS necrosis) ---> fibrosis PROGRESSION to chronic inflam ---> fibrosis (persistent causal agent)
causes of acute inflam
Clammy Helps Tiger Pass Medicines Barriers Chemicals - corrosives Hypersensitivity - parasite Tissue necrosis Physical agents - trauma Microbial - pyogenic bacteria, viruses bacterial toxins -
causes of chronic inflam
tranplant rejection
progression from acute
recurrent acute
primary chronic inflam (TB)
define a granuloma
an aggregate of epitheloid histiocytes
how does scar tissue form
fibroblasts lay down collagen - collagen on the wound forms scar tissue
describe pathogensis of an atheroma
forms as a result of atherosclerosis
= endothelial damage(increased vasc permeability, LEUKOCYTES adhesion)
accumulation of lipoproteins (LDL)
MONOCYTE adhesion to wall - morphs into MACROPHAGES activated (FOAM CELLS) - FATTY STREAKS
PLATELET adhesion
release of factors (forms smooth muscle cells)
smooth muscle cells release ECM - collagen etc
lipids acumulate
define thrombosis
is the formation of a solid mass from blood constituents in an intact vessel in a living person
define embolism
Is the process of a solid mass in the blood being carried through the circulation to a place where it gets stuck and blocks the vessel.
define ischaemia
reduction blood flow to a tissue without any other implications.
define infarction
Reduction in blood flow to a tissue that is so reduced that it cannot even support maintenance of the cells in that tissue = CELL DEATH
thrombosis pathogenesis
platelet aggregatiuon platelets release chemicals - stick to other platelets clotting cascade large protein - fibrin - forms forms a mesh = get a thrombus
what causes thrombus formation (triad)
change vessel wall
change blood constitutes
change in blood flow
example of things causing a thrombus
shear stress, hypertension (vessel wall change) coag factors (change blood) immobility post surgey (change blood flow)
what is the differeence between an atheroma and a thrombus
atherosclerosis - condition when cholesterol plaques develop on endothelium of blood vessels
thrombus - blood clot that is attached to the inner walls of the blood vessels - no calcification
DIFF CONSTITUENTS
define apoptosis
programmed cell death
necrosis
traumatic cell death - in programmed (cerebral infarction)
define atrophy
decrease in size of a tissue due to decrease in number of constituent cells or decrease in their size (i.e muscle not used = shrinks)
define hypertrophy
increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in size of the constituent cells (weight lifting)
hyperplasia def
increase in size of a tissue due to incease in NUMBER of contituent cells (prostate)
PLAYER = get with lots of people = NUMBER)
dysplasia
imprecise term for morphologiacal changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer
increased cell growth and decreased differentiaiton
metaplasia def
change in differentiation of a celll form one fully differentiated type to another (acid refluz columnar to squamous)
define neoplasm
a lesion resulting from autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells - persists after initiating stimuli removed
define papilloma
-benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. squamous cell papilloma
define adenoma
benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium. Prefix with cell type of origin e.g. colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma.
Carcinoma define
malignant tumour of epithelial cells. Prefixed by name of epithelial cell type e.g. transitional cell Ca.
Adenocarcinomas define
Carcinomas of glandular epithelium
benign connective tissue neoplasms
lipoma - adipocytes chondroma - cartilage osteoma - bone angioma - vascular rhabdomyoma - striated muscle leiomyoma - smooth muscle
malignant connective tissue neoplasms are known as
sarcomas
liposarcoma what is it
malignant connective neoplasm of adipose tissue
osteosarcoma what is it
malignant connective neoplasm of bone
what is osteoma
beinign malignant neoplasm of bone
what is leiomycosarcoma
malig connective neoplasm of smooth muscle tissue
mechanism of cariongenesis
evasion of host defence
shed surface antigens
aggregation with platelets
adhesion w other tumour cells
what is inflam
Local physiological response to tissue injury
what do neutrophils do in inflam
phagocytose pathogens
what do macrophages do in inflam
secrete chem mediators for chemotaxis
eg of acute inflam that isnt resolved
peptic ulcer
abscess
fibrosis
what is a granuloma
aggregate of epitheloid histiocytes
what are some systemic granulomatous diseases
sarcoidosis
TB
crohns
leprosy
which infalm has plmyphocytes and plasma cells
chronic
which inflam has macrophages
both
which inflam has macrophages and neutrophils
acute
what is virchows triad
stasis of blood flow
enodthelial injury
hypercoag
(IN THROMBOSIS)
is arterial thrombosis high or low pressure
high
which thrombosis is made of mainly platelets
arterial - white thrombus
which is made of mainly coag factors
venous - red thrombus
what type of thrombosis can lead to stroke or MI
arterial
which thrombus type can lead to DVT of PE
venous
what is reatment for arterial thrombosis vs venous
arterial = antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel) venous = anti coag (warfarin, heparin)
which type of thrombus is most commonly due to stasis
venous
plaque formation process
- endothelial cell dysfunction
2, increase LDL in blood - accumulates in wall - macrophages - go to site and uptake lipid = foam cell (inflam response)
- fatty streak
- cytokine and growth factor release
- smooth muscle prolif around lipid core - fibrous cap forms (collagen)
in which of necrosis and apoptosis are cell organneles intact and contents reiatined
apoptosis not necrosis
what is carcinogeneiss
transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutatiuons
benign vs malignant turmours diffeerences
benign - doesnt invade BASEMENT MEMBE often grows exophytic (outwards) low mitotic activity circumscribed necrosis/ulceration rare MALIG = OPPOSITE
efffect of benign tumours
pressure on adj structures
paraneoplastic effect 9anxiety()
transformation into malig tumour
histological appearance of malig tumours
hgih mitotic activity
pleomorphism
hyperchromatic nuclei
poorly defined boreder
mechanism of metastasis
detachment of tunour cells from neighbours
invasion of surr connective tissue
intravsation into vessel lumen
evasion of host defence i.e nat killer cells
adherance to endothelium
extravasation - from vessel t surr tissue
