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Intro to Animal Science-ANSC 1000 > Intro Exam 2 > Flashcards

Intro Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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2
Q

Mitosis process

A
  • one cell–>two
    -both cells get exact copy of genetic material from parent cell
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3
Q

Meiosis

A
  • genetic material halved
    -diploid complement is reformed by fertilization
    -Gamete formation in animals
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4
Q

Which species has most and fewest pairs of chromosomes

A

Poultry=most
Swine=fewest

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5
Q

Mitosis steps

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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6
Q

Where does meiosis occur

A

Primordial germ cells

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7
Q

The doubled pairs in meiosis come together through:

A

Synapsis

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8
Q

What are the cells called in meiosis

A

-primary spermatocyte
-primary oocyte

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

when each meiosis produces 4 equally sized sperm cells

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10
Q

What are homologous Chromosome

A

Chromosomes paired in diploid cells

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11
Q

DNA Bases

A
  • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
    -Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
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12
Q

Protein Synthesis Steps

A

1) Transcription (synthesis of RNA from DNA in the nucleus by matching base sequences)
2) Transfer RNA/tRNA (tRNA gets coded by DNA in the nucleus then moves to the cytoplasm where it identifies and connects w/ an amino acid)
3) These amino acids formed then go down to the ribosome where peptide bonds form btwn the amino acids
4) tRNA gets released and there’s a newly formed protein

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13
Q

Who determines sex of offspring

A

Male

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14
Q

Linear Interaction

A

When genes in the same chromosome interact

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15
Q

Allelic interaction

A

When corresponding genes interact in a homologous chromosome

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16
Q

Epistatic Interaction

A

When a gene/gene pair alters or masks the expression of genes on another chromosome (nonhomologous chromosomes)

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17
Q

Overdominance

A

where the heterozygous animals are superior to either of the homozygous conditions

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18
Q

Hybrid Vigor

A

the greater vigor/productivity of crossbreds

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19
Q

Somatotropin

A

protein hormone produced in anterior pituitary gland to stimulate growth

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20
Q

Qualitative traits

A

-only 1-4 pairs of genes control 1 trait
-simple inheritance
-descriptive/subjective

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21
Q

Quantitative traits

A

-ones that are economically important
-many pairs of genes affect one trait
-objectively measured

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22
Q

Pleiotropy

A

when genes have effect on more than one trait

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23
Q

P=G+E

A

phenotype=genotype+environment

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24
Q

What is a contemporary group

A

a group of animals with the same:
-herd -sex -birth szn -weigh dates -breed/breed type

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25
Ratio=
(individual measurements/avg. group measurement)x100
26
Adjusted Data
Adjustments: age of dam/age of calf
27
205-day WW=
((actual WW-BW)/weaning age in days)x205 then +BW
28
What's an EPD
(expected progeny difference) is a prediction of future progeny performance relative to some standard
29
How is reliability of an EPD expressed
accuracy
30
genetic change/year=
(accuracy x intensity x genetic variability)/generation interval
31
Tandem method
-select only one trait at a time in sequence -effective if requires rapid change in a single trait
32
Independent culling levels
-Est. minimum cull standards and select simultaneously (but independently) for each character -most prevalent method of selection!! -WEAKNESS: individual can be culled for lacking only 1 trait
33
Selection index
-formula set up assigning a weighting factor for each trait; all important values are combined into one overall value -individuals are organized in order of net genetic worth -DISADVANTAGE: index=difficult to come up with
34
Inbreeding
-Mating of animals closer related than avg. of breed/population they came from -increases the # of pairs of genes that are homozygous (reduces genetic variation within lines) - why do it: fix a specific trait, get heterosis when inbred lines are crossed
35
Inbreeding disadvantage
-disadvantage: may uncover recessive genes (undesirable) which will then show up at a higher frequency -disadvantage: overall performance is decreased in inbred lines
36
Linebreeding
- a form of inbreeding - an attempt to concentrate the inheritance of 1+ outstanding ancestors in a pedigree - used by producers who have high level of genetic superiority
37
Outbreeding
-mating of individuals that aren't related -increases heterozygosity
38
Outcrossing
-mating unrelating individuals of the same breed -most widely used breeding system
39
Rotational cross
-crossbred female x male of third breed -crossbred female x breed of sire present in her genetic makeup in lowest %
40
Terminal cross
-all offspring are sold
41
Primary male sex organ
testis (gonad)
42
Function of testis
- produce sperm - produce testosterone
43
What is the Scrotum
-sac that contains testes -regulates temp of testes for sperm production
44
Tunica dartos muscle
-where: scrotum -what: pushes testes upward to body for warmth/relaxes to cool
45
Cremaster muscle
-where: scrotum -what: helps regulate temp of testes
46
Which animal has highest concentration of sperm
ram
47
What's the heritability estimates for repro traits
5-15%
48
Which species testes are vertical
- Ram - Bull
49
Which species testes are horizontal
- Stallion - Boar
50
What are the accessory sex glands and their functions?
-seminal vesicles: supply nutrients for sperm following ejaculation/deposition into female -prostate gland: clean/lubricate the urethra ahead of sperm -cowper's: clean/lubricate urethra
51
Species variation in glans penis
- bull: tapers to end - ram: filiform (tubular) appendage - boar: spiral - stallion: bloated end
52
Which animals have a sigmoid flexure
-ruminants -boar
53
Seminiferoud tubules
-produce sperm -approx. 90% of testes mass -spermatogenesis occurs in lumen
54
Sertoli Cells
-provide nourishment for developing sperm -located within semi tubules
55
Interstitial cells (leydig)
-produce testosterone -located btwn semi tubules
56
Where is sperm produced in the testicle and what two types of cells are found there
-produced in seminiferous tubules -cells=steroli and interstitial
57
Which cell is inside tubules and which is between?
-in=steroli -btwn=interstitial
58
How many functional sperm are produced from one primary spermatocyte
4
59
What's contained in the head of the sperm?
genetic material
60
What does the tail of sperm allow
Sperm to be motile
61
Endocrinology definition
study of hormones, their effects, and glands that secrete them
62
How are hormones transported in the body
through blood circulation, gets carried to a target tissue in body where they have effect
63
What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary
anterior and posterior
64
What are the functions of testosterone
-stimulate growth, development, and secretory activity of accessory glands -stimulate growth of repro tract at puberty -initiate spermatogenesis -necessary for sperm survivak -responsible for secondary sex characteristics
65
List 3 secondary sex characteristics in male
-voice -muscle development -libido

Intro to Animal Science-ANSC 1000 (12 decks)

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