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Intro to Animal Science-ANSC 1000 > Intro Exam 2 > Flashcards

Intro Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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2
Q

Mitosis process

A
  • one cell–>two
    -both cells get exact copy of genetic material from parent cell
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3
Q

Meiosis

A
  • genetic material halved
    -diploid complement is reformed by fertilization
    -Gamete formation in animals
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4
Q

Which species has most and fewest pairs of chromosomes

A

Poultry=most
Swine=fewest

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5
Q

Mitosis steps

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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6
Q

Where does meiosis occur

A

Primordial germ cells

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7
Q

The doubled pairs in meiosis come together through:

A

Synapsis

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8
Q

What are the cells called in meiosis

A

-primary spermatocyte
-primary oocyte

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

when each meiosis produces 4 equally sized sperm cells

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10
Q

What are homologous Chromosome

A

Chromosomes paired in diploid cells

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11
Q

DNA Bases

A
  • Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)
    -Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)
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12
Q

Protein Synthesis Steps

A

1) Transcription (synthesis of RNA from DNA in the nucleus by matching base sequences)
2) Transfer RNA/tRNA (tRNA gets coded by DNA in the nucleus then moves to the cytoplasm where it identifies and connects w/ an amino acid)
3) These amino acids formed then go down to the ribosome where peptide bonds form btwn the amino acids
4) tRNA gets released and there’s a newly formed protein

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13
Q

Who determines sex of offspring

A

Male

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14
Q

Linear Interaction

A

When genes in the same chromosome interact

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15
Q

Allelic interaction

A

When corresponding genes interact in a homologous chromosome

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16
Q

Epistatic Interaction

A

When a gene/gene pair alters or masks the expression of genes on another chromosome (nonhomologous chromosomes)

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17
Q

Overdominance

A

where the heterozygous animals are superior to either of the homozygous conditions

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18
Q

Hybrid Vigor

A

the greater vigor/productivity of crossbreds

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19
Q

Somatotropin

A

protein hormone produced in anterior pituitary gland to stimulate growth

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20
Q

Qualitative traits

A

-only 1-4 pairs of genes control 1 trait
-simple inheritance
-descriptive/subjective

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21
Q

Quantitative traits

A

-ones that are economically important
-many pairs of genes affect one trait
-objectively measured

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22
Q

Pleiotropy

A

when genes have effect on more than one trait

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23
Q

P=G+E

A

phenotype=genotype+environment

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24
Q

What is a contemporary group

A

a group of animals with the same:
-herd -sex -birth szn -weigh dates -breed/breed type

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25
Q

Ratio=

A

(individual measurements/avg. group measurement)x100

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26
Q

Adjusted Data

A

Adjustments: age of dam/age of calf

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27
Q

205-day WW=

A

((actual WW-BW)/weaning age in days)x205
then +BW

28
Q

What’s an EPD

A

(expected progeny difference) is a prediction of future progeny performance relative to some standard

29
Q

How is reliability of an EPD expressed

A

accuracy

30
Q

genetic change/year=

A

(accuracy x intensity x genetic variability)/generation interval

31
Q

Tandem method

A

-select only one trait at a time in sequence
-effective if requires rapid change in a single trait

32
Q

Independent culling levels

A

-Est. minimum cull standards and select simultaneously (but independently) for each character
-most prevalent method of selection!!
-WEAKNESS: individual can be culled for lacking only 1 trait

33
Q

Selection index

A

-formula set up assigning a weighting factor for each trait; all important values are combined into one overall value
-individuals are organized in order of net genetic worth
-DISADVANTAGE: index=difficult to come up with

34
Q

Inbreeding

A

-Mating of animals closer related than avg. of breed/population they came from
-increases the # of pairs of genes that are homozygous (reduces genetic variation within lines)
- why do it: fix a specific trait, get heterosis when inbred lines are crossed

35
Q

Inbreeding disadvantage

A

-disadvantage: may uncover recessive genes (undesirable) which will then show up at a higher frequency
-disadvantage: overall performance is decreased in inbred lines

36
Q

Linebreeding

A
  • a form of inbreeding
  • an attempt to concentrate the inheritance of 1+ outstanding ancestors in a pedigree
  • used by producers who have high level of genetic superiority
37
Q

Outbreeding

A

-mating of individuals that aren’t related
-increases heterozygosity

38
Q

Outcrossing

A

-mating unrelating individuals of the same breed
-most widely used breeding system

39
Q

Rotational cross

A

-crossbred female x male of third breed
-crossbred female x breed of sire present in her genetic makeup in lowest %

40
Q

Terminal cross

A

-all offspring are sold

41
Q

Primary male sex organ

A

testis (gonad)

42
Q

Function of testis

A
  • produce sperm
  • produce testosterone
43
Q

What is the Scrotum

A

-sac that contains testes
-regulates temp of testes for sperm production

44
Q

Tunica dartos muscle

A

-where: scrotum
-what: pushes testes upward to body for warmth/relaxes to cool

45
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

-where: scrotum
-what: helps regulate temp of testes

46
Q

Which animal has highest concentration of sperm

A

ram

47
Q

What’s the heritability estimates for repro traits

A

5-15%

48
Q

Which species testes are vertical

A
  • Ram
  • Bull
49
Q

Which species testes are horizontal

A
  • Stallion
  • Boar
50
Q

What are the accessory sex glands and their functions?

A

-seminal vesicles: supply nutrients for sperm following ejaculation/deposition into female
-prostate gland: clean/lubricate the urethra ahead of sperm
-cowper’s: clean/lubricate urethra

51
Q

Species variation in glans penis

A
  • bull: tapers to end
  • ram: filiform (tubular) appendage
  • boar: spiral
  • stallion: bloated end
52
Q

Which animals have a sigmoid flexure

A

-ruminants
-boar

53
Q

Seminiferoud tubules

A

-produce sperm
-approx. 90% of testes mass
-spermatogenesis occurs in lumen

54
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

-provide nourishment for developing sperm
-located within semi tubules

55
Q

Interstitial cells (leydig)

A

-produce testosterone
-located btwn semi tubules

56
Q

Where is sperm produced in the testicle and what two types of cells are found there

A

-produced in seminiferous tubules
-cells=steroli and interstitial

57
Q

Which cell is inside tubules and which is between?

A

-in=steroli
-btwn=interstitial

58
Q

How many functional sperm are produced from one primary spermatocyte

A

4

59
Q

What’s contained in the head of the sperm?

A

genetic material

60
Q

What does the tail of sperm allow

A

Sperm to be motile

61
Q

Endocrinology definition

A

study of hormones, their effects, and glands that secrete them

62
Q

How are hormones transported in the body

A

through blood circulation, gets carried to a target tissue in body where they have effect

63
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the pituitary

A

anterior and posterior

64
Q

What are the functions of testosterone

A

-stimulate growth, development, and secretory activity of accessory glands
-stimulate growth of repro tract at puberty
-initiate spermatogenesis
-necessary for sperm survivak
-responsible for secondary sex characteristics

65
Q

List 3 secondary sex characteristics in male

A

-voice
-muscle development
-libido

Intro to Animal Science-ANSC 1000 (12 decks)

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