Intro

Question 1

Cellular pathogen

Answer 1

1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Parasites

Question 2

Subcellular pathogens

Answer 2

1. Viruses

2. Prions

Question 3

Host factors that influence infection

Answer 3

1. Non-specific immune response
2. Immune status
3. Genetics
4. Age
5. Nutritional status
6. Hormones
7. Personal habits
8. Fever
9. Microbiome

Question 4

Innate immune response influence

Answer 4

1. Anti-viral effects of interferons
   A. Virus infection
   B. Viral replication
   C. Interferon synthesis
   D. Interferon secretion (IFN alpha and beta)
   E. Binds to neighboring cell receptors
   
   1. eIF-2 alpha kinase phosphorylates eIF-2 alpha -> inhibits mRNA translation
   2. Oligo-adenylate synthase: ATP -> 2’-5’-oligoadenylic acid -> activates RNAse L -> mRNA and tRNA degraded

Question 5

Specific immune response influence

Answer 5

1. Prior exposure to pathogens
2. Vaccines
   A. Inactivated: chem or radioactive inactivation, can’t replicate
   B. Live, attenuated: most effective, most dangerous, B and T cell response
   C. Subunit, purified: surface antigens
   D. Toxoid (inactivated toxin)

Question 6

Personal habits influence

Answer 6

1. Hygiene
2. Smoking
3. Drinking

Question 7

Route of transmission

Answer 7

1. Direct contact
2. Exchange of fluids
3. Contamination
4. Airborne
5. Vector

Question 8

Portals of entry

Answer 8

1. Mucosal membranes
2. Skin
3. Parenteral route (puncture)

Question 9

Consequences of infection

Answer 9

1. Iceberg effect: doesn’t show symptoms

Question 10

Patterns of infections

Answer 10

1. Localized

2. Systemic infection

Question 11

Fomites

Answer 11

Contaminated objects