Gram (-) Bacteria

Question 1

Gram (-) cocci

Answer 1

1. Neisseria
  A. Gonorrhoeae
  B. Meningitidis 
2. Moraxella
  A. Catarrhalis

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

1. Blood agar
2. Chocolate agar: not selective or differential
   A. Thayer-Martin (VCN) agar
   
   1. Selective: N. Gonorrhea and N. Meningitidis
   2. Chocolate agar + vancomycin + colistin + nystatin
   3. Inhibits normal flora

Question 3

Neisseria

Answer 3

1. Oxidase (+): produce acid from few carbs by [O]
2. Catalase (+)
   A. Except N. Elongata

Question 4

Gram (-) bacilli

Answer 4

1. Haemophillus
  A. Influenzae (short, stubby rods)
  B. Aegyptius
  C. Ducreyi
2. Aggregatibacter
3. Actinobacillus
4. Pasturella 
  A. Multicida (dog bites)
  B. Canis
5. Pseudomonas
  A. Aeruginosa
6. Burkolderia
7. Stenotrophomonas
8. Acinetobacter
9. Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)
10. Brucella
11. Francisella tularensis
12. Legionella pneumophila (pneumonia)
13. Bartonella
14. Vibrio

Question 5

Enterobacteriaceae

Answer 5

Gram (-) bacilli in gut
1. Escherichia
2. Salmonella
  A. Typhi 
  B. Paratyphi
3. Shigella
4. Yersinia
5. Klebsiella
6. Proteus
7. Citrobacter
8. Enterobacter
9. Serratia

Question 6

E. Coli

Answer 6

1. Food poisoning
2. UTI
3. Gastroenteritis
4. Newborn meningitis

Question 7

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 7

1. Lung infection

2. UTI

Question 8

Klebsialla

Answer 8

1. Meningitis
2. Lung infection
3. UTI
4. Bloodstream

Question 9

Acinetobacter baumannii

Answer 9

Infections in wounded soldiers

Question 10

Enterbacteriaceae

Answer 10

1. UTI
2. Lung infection
3. Bloodstream
4. Food poisoning

Question 11

Risk factors for infection

Answer 11

1. Hospitalization = most common
2. Recent surgery
3. Urinary catheter
4. War wounds
5. Dialysis
6. Mechanical ventilator
7. Dec. immune system

Question 12

Infection diagnosis

Answer 12

1. Symptoms and med hx
2. Physical exam
3. Fluid sampling
   A. Blood tests and culture
   B. Urine tests and culture
   C. Sputum samples
   D. Stool samples
   E. Lumbar punctures
   F. Cultures of abcesses, skin lesions, wounds

Question 13

Gram (-) spiral

Answer 13

1. Difficult to culture
2. Campylobacteraceae
   A. Campylobacter
   B. Arcobacter
   C. Sulfurospirillum
3. Helicobacteraceae (ulcers)
   A. Helicobater
   B. Wolinella

Question 14

Moraxella catarrhalis

Answer 14

1. 3rd leading cause ear infection in kids
2. Upper resp. Tract illness in adults
   A. ~10% of all cases of resp exacerbation in COPD patients

Question 15

Serratia marcescens

Answer 15

1. Facultative anaerobe
2. Oxidase (-)
3. Non-lactose fermenting
4. Gram (-) bacillus
5. Enterobacteriaceae family
6. Found in
   A. H2O
   B. Soil
   C. Plants
   D. Animals
   E. Insects
7. Infections: usually associated w/ hospital setting
   A. UTI
   B. Pneumonia
   C. Wound infections
   D. Skin and soft tissue
   E. Surgical site
   F. Bloodstream
8. Risk factors: nosocomial infections
   A. Immunosuppressive
   B. Prev. Antimicrobial agents
   C. Indwelling catheterization
   D. Ineffective endocarditis: IV drug users

Question 16

Heamophilus influenzae

Answer 16

1. Epiglottitis = secondary disease
   A. Used to be prevalent in U.S.
2. HiB vaccine routine in 1991
3. Dec. secondary disease but still causes epiglottitis