Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

4 biological explanations of behavior.

A

Physiological explanation
Ontogenetic explanation
Evolutionary explanation
Functional explanation

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2
Q

Physiological explanation

A

Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs. It deals with the machinery of the body.

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3
Q

Ontogenetic explanation

A

Describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions.

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4
Q

Evolutionary explanation

A

Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior. The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modification of something found in ancestral species.

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5
Q

Functional explanation

A

Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.

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6
Q

Mind-body problem

A

The question of how mind relates to brain activities.

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7
Q

Dualism

A

The idea that minds are one type of substance and matter is another.

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8
Q

Rene Descartes

A

I think therefor I am.
Cogito ergo sum.
Pineal gland- seat of the soul

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9
Q

Monism

A

The ideal that universe consist only one type of being.

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10
Q

3 forms of monism.

A

Materialism
Mentalist
Identity position

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11
Q

Materialism

A

Everything that exists is material or physical.
Primary claim, that people’s common sense understanding of the mind is false and that certain classes of mental states that most people believe in do not exist.
Our mind is a figment or our imagination.

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12
Q

Mentalism

A

The view that only the mind really exists and the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it.

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13
Q

Identity position

A

The view that mental processes are the same thing as certain kinds of brain processes but are described in different terms.
Every mental experience is a mental activity, even though descriptions of thoughts around very different from descriptions of brain activity.
The mind is brain activity, mental activity is what happens in the brain.

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14
Q

Phrenology

A

The detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental ability.
Franz Gall
Localization of function

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15
Q

Gregor Mendel

Mendelian Genetics

A

Mendel demonstrated that inheritance occurs through genes.

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16
Q

Genes

A

Units of heredity that maintain their structural indenture from one generation to another. As a rule, genes come in pairs because they are aligned along chromosomes that also come in pair.

17
Q

Chromosome

A

A threadlike structure of nucleus acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

18
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA
A molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

19
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

RNA is polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
RNA and DNA are nucleic acid, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the 4 major macromolecules essential for all known form of life.

20
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it carries.

21
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s phenotype is all the observable characteristics – which influenced both by its genotype and environment.

22
Q

Homozygous

A

Anyone with an identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes is homozygous for that gene.

23
Q

Heterozygous

A

Any one with an unmatched pair of genes I’d heterozygous for that gene.

24
Q

Dominant genes

A

Dominate gene show a strong effect in either monozygous or heterozygous condition.

25
Q

Recessive genes

A

Recessive gene only show its effect in homozygous condition.

26
Q

Sex- linked genes

A

Genetic linkage has to do with the X and Y chromosomes. These not only carry the genes that determine male and female traits but also those for other characteristics as well. Genes that are carried by either Sex chromosome are said to be sex linked.

27
Q

Autosomal genes

A

Other than sex-liked gene, all the other chromosomes are autosomal genes.

28
Q

Sex- limited genes

A

Present in both sex but active mainly in one sex.

Chest hair, breast size…

29
Q

Heritability

A

Heritability is a statistic used in breeding and genetic works that estimates how much variation Ina phenotypic trait in a population is due to genetic variation among individuals in that population.
Is the variation in some characteristic depend largely on genetic differences, the characteristic has high heritability.

30
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins

From one egg

31
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Fraternal twins

From two eggs

32
Q

Evolution

A

Evolution is a change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population.

33
Q

Lamarckism revolution

A

Evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics
WRONG

34
Q

Epigenetic

A

Epic emetic deal with changes in gene expression.
Caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.
Various experiences can turn a gene on or off.
Even when individuals have virtually the same genes and apparently the same environment, they can turn out differently, and the mechanism is epigenetic.

35
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Survival of the fittest
We did not evolve better
We evolve differently

36
Q

Evolutionary (sociobiology) Psychology

A

Evolutionary psychology concerns how behaviors evolved.

37
Q

Why do biological psychologists and neuroscientists study on humans?

A
  1. The underlying mechanisms of behavior are similar cross species and are easier to study in nonhuman species.
  2. We are interested in animals for their won sake.
  3. What we learn about animal sheds light on human evolution.
  4. Certain experiments cannot use human subjects because legal or ethical restrictions.
38
Q

IACUC

A

Institutional animal care and use committee

39
Q

The three R rules

A

Reduction- of animal number
Replacement- using computer models or other substitutes for animal, when possible
Refinement- modifying the procedures to reduce pain and discomfort.