control of movement

Question 1

smooth muscles

Answer 1

internal organs

Question 2

skeletal/striated muscles

Answer 2

control movement of body in relation to the enviroment

Question 3

cardiac muscle

Answer 3

heart muscles

Question 4

neuromuscular junction

Answer 4

where motor neuron connects to muscle fibers

Question 5

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 5

– an autoimmune disease - immune system forms antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions
treat with drug that suppress the immune system (catch 22)

Question 6

proprioceptors

Answer 6

receptors that detect position or movement of the body

Question 7

muscle spindles

Answer 7

respond to stretch of muscle (stretch reflex)

Question 8

golgi tendon organs

Answer 8

respond to increases in muscle tension

Question 9

reflexes

Answer 9

automatic responses to stimuli (spinal cord & brain stem)
avoid over load of the brain

Question 10

Moro Reflex

Answer 10

Infant suddenly loses support for neck and head – throws out arms and then brings them together in an embrace; throws out legs and returns them to a fixed position; hands curl slightly as if to grab

Question 11

Startle Reflex

Answer 11

similar to Moro but arms are flexed rather than extended and fingers are closed

Question 12

Rooting Reflex

Answer 12

turns head towards stroking object when touched at corner of mouth. Mouth opens and infant attempts to suck. Appears during the first two weeks.

Question 13

Sucking Reflex

Answer 13

rapid burst of sucks if soft palate of mouth is stimulated

Question 14

Babinski Reflex

Answer 14

an extension of the big toe and fanning of the other toes upon gentle stroking of the outer edge of the sole of the foot. Disappears by end of first year.

Question 15

Palmar Reflex

Answer 15

touching of the palm elicits grasping. Palmer reflex is replaced by voluntary grasp at 4 – 7 months.

Question 16

Stepping (or walking) Reflex

Answer 16

seen by end of 2nd week in about 40% of infants. Disappears by 5th month.

Question 17

Swimming Reflex

Answer 17

rhythmic swimming movements held stomach down in water. Disappears by 5th month.

Question 18

Ballistic Movement

Answer 18

movement executed as a whole (reflex)

Question 19

Central Pattern Generators

Answer 19

neural mechanisms that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output (e.g., flapping wings)

Question 20

Motor Program

Answer 20

fixed sequence of movements (e.g., yawning)

Question 21

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 21

precentral gyrus

Question 22

Homunculus

Answer 22

distribution of body areas along cortex (Fig 8.9)

Question 23

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 23

responds to the sensory signals that lead to a movement

Question 24

Premotor Cortex

Answer 24

most active during preparations for a movement

Question 25

Supplementary Motor Cortex

Answer 25

most active during preparations for a rapid series of movements

Question 26

Dorsolateral Tract

Answer 26

originates in primary motor cortex and red nucleus in midbrain – hands, arms, fingers, and toes – The dorsolateral tract crosses in the medulla – the pyramids

Question 27

Ventromedial Tract

Answer 27

mostly from primary motor cortex and supplementary cortex; also has axons from midbrain tectum, then reticular formation, and the vestibular nucleus – muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk

Question 28

Cerebellum

Answer 28

“little brain” – ballistic movements (require accurate aiming and timing), motor coordination, balance

Question 29

Basal Ganglia

Answer 29

caudate, putamen, and golbus pallidus – the caudate and putamen receive input from sensory areas from the thalamus and cortex - the globus pallidus is an output area sending information to the thalamus which then goes to motor cortex and prefrontal cortex