INTRO 3 Flashcards
What is a conditional reflex?
- It occurs when an animal or human produces an unconscious response to a stimulus and learns to produce the same response to a different, associated stimulus.
What experiment is Pavlov famous for?
Dogs were conditioned to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing them to salivate at the sound alone.
Who was John B. Watson?
An American psychologist (1878–1958) who founded behaviorism.
What is behaviorism?
An approach that focuses on observing and controlling behaviors, emphasizing objective methods and experimentation.
What did Watson believe about studying consciousness?
He thought it was flawed because the mind could not be objectively analyzed.
How is behaviorism applied today?
It is used in behavioral and cognitive therapy.
Who was B.F. Skinner?
An American psychologist (1904–1990) who expanded behaviorism by studying how behavior is influenced by consequences.
What is operant conditioning?
A process where behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment.
What is the Skinner box?
A chamber used to study behavior modification through positive reinforcement, punishment, or token conditioning.
What led to the emergence of humanism in psychology?
Psychologists viewed psychoanalysis and behaviorism as limited perspectives, focusing instead on personal control, intentionality, and the innate potential for good.
What does humanism emphasize?
The potential for good that is innate in all humans.
Who was Abraham Maslow?
n American psychologist (1908–1970) who proposed a hierarchy of human needs.
What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs state?
Basic survival needs (e.g., food, water, shelter) must be met before higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) motivate behavior.
Who was Carl Rogers?
An American psychologist (1902–1987) known for his emphasis on human potential and client-centered therapy.
