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Anatomy 1 > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

basic anatomy and physiology concepts

1
Q

Anatomy

A

(cut apart) the study of structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

macro anatomy

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4
Q

Regional Gross Anatomy

A

all structures in one part of the body

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5
Q

systematic

A

gross anatomy of the body studied by system

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6
Q

surface

A

gross anatomy study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

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7
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

small level

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8
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the cell

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9
Q

Histology

A

study of the tissues

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10
Q

Dvpmental Anatomy

A

traces structural changes throughout life

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11
Q

Embryology

A

study of dvpmental changes of the body before birth

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12
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

study of structural changes caused by disease

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13
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

study of internal structures visualized by x ray

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14
Q

Molecular Bio

A

study of anatomical structures at a sub cellular level

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15
Q

Renal Physiology

A

kidney function

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16
Q

Neurophysiology

A

workings of the nervous sys

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17
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

op of the heart and blood vessels

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18
Q

what does physiology often focus on ?

A

cellular and molecular level

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19
Q

Principle of Complementarity of structure and f(x)

A

F(x) always reflects structure
structures capability depends on its form
ex) bones will support and protect cuz of mineral deposits

        blood will flow in one direction
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20
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization?

A 
Chemical (atoms)
Cellular(cells made up of molecules)
Tissue (made of cells)
Organs (made of tissues)
Organ Sys ( organs working together)
Organismal (organ sys)
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21
Q

Integumentary Sys

A

Forms the external body covering
Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deeo tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

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22
Q

Skeletal Sys

A 
bone, cartilage, and ligaments
protects and supports body organs
provides the framework for muscles
site of blood cell formation
stores minerals
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23
Q

Muscular Sys

A

muscles and tendons
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expressions
maintains posture
produces heat

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24
Q

Nervous Sys

A

brain, spinal column and nerves

is the fast acting ctrl sys of the body

responds to stimuli by activating muscle and glands

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25
Q

cardiovascular sys

A

heart and blood vessels

heart pumps blood

blood vessels transport throughout the body

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26
Q

Lymphatic Sys

A

Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels

pick up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood

dipoles of debris in the lymphatic stream

houses white blood cells involved w/ immunity

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27
Q

Respiratory Sys

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes co2

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28
Q

Digestive Sys

A

Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
breaks down food into absorbable units that enters the blood
eliminates indegestible foodstuffs as feces

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29
Q

Urinary Sys

A

kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
rids nitrogenous wastes from body
regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of the blood

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30
Q

Male Reproductive Sys

A 
prostate gland, penis, testes and scrotum
main f(x) is the production of offspring
testes yield sperm and male sex hormones
ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female rep rod tract
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31
Q

Female Reprod Sys

A 
mam gland, ovarie , uterine tubes (fallopian), uterus, and vag
Main f(x) is the production of offspring
ovaries yield eggs and female sex hormones
remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and dvp of the fetus
mam glands yield milk to nourish the newborn
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32
Q

Organ Sys Interelations

how are nutrients and o2 distributed?

A

blood

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33
Q

how is metabolic waste eliminated?

A

urinary and resp sys

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34
Q

Maintaining Boundaries

A

the internal environment remains distinct from external (blood brain)

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35
Q

Maintaining Bounds Cellular lvl

A

accomplished by plasma membrane

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36
Q

Maintaining Bounds Organism lvl

A

accomplished by skin

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37
Q

Movement

A

locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis, and contractility

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38
Q

Responsiveness

A

ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

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39
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

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40
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

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41
Q

excretion

A

removal of wastes from the body

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42
Q

reproduction

A

cellular and organismal levels

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43
Q

cellular reproduction

A

an oringal cell divides and yields two daughter cells

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44
Q

organismal reproduction

A

sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person

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45
Q

growth

A

increase in size of a body part or the organism, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones

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46
Q

Nutrients

A

chem substances used for energy and cell building

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47
Q

O2

A

needed for metabolic rxn 21%

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48
Q

Water

A

provides necessary environment for chem runs makes up 60-80% of body
maintain normal body temp

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49
Q

Normal body temp

A

37 degrees cels

98.6 f

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50
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

req’d for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

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51
Q

Walter Cannon

A

Physiology that conceptionalized homestasis

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52
Q

Homeostatis

A

ability to maintain a relativey stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium

Chemical thermal and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

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53
Q

Homeostatic Ctrl Mech

A

Variable produces a change in the body that have three comments (receptors, ctrl center, effector)

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54
Q

Receptor

A

monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)

inputs afferent pathways

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55
Q

Control Center

A

determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

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56
Q

Effector

A

provides the means to respond to the stimulus

outputs efferent pathways

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57
Q

Negative Feedback Sys

A

output shuts off the original stimulus

ex) Regulation of Blood Glucose levels

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58
Q

Positive Feedback Sys

A

output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Cascade (keeps happening)

Out of Ctrl

Oxytocin ( hormone released during love and uterine contractions)
ex) Blood Clotting
Too much of this system can cause stroke or an embolism

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59
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A

disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium

diseases

Age

Overwhelming of negative feedback mech allowing destructive positive feedback mech to take over

ex) heart failure

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60
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Describe body parts and position

Need Initial Reference Point

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing fwd, thumbs point away from body

normal

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61
Q

Directional Terms

A

explain where one body structure is relative to another

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62
Q

Superior

A

structure is higher than

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63
Q

Inferior

A

structure is lower than

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64
Q

anterior

A

in front of

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65
Q

posterior

A

in back of/ behind

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66
Q

Medial

A

moving toward middle

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67
Q

Lateral

A

move to side (left or right)

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68
Q

intermediate

A

between lateral and medial

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69
Q

Proximal

A

closer to origin of body part

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70
Q

distal

A

farther from original body part

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71
Q

superficial

A

toward surface

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72
Q

deep

A

away from body surface

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73
Q

Regional Term Use

A

to designate specific areas within major body divisions

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74
Q

2 Major Regions

A

Axial

Appendicular

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75
Q

Axial

A

head, neck, and trunk

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76
Q

Appendicular

A

appendages or limbs

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77
Q

anterior/ventral

A

front

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78
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

back

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79
Q

Abdominal

A

anterior body trunk inferior to ribs (anterior)

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80
Q

acromial

A

point of shoulder (anterior)

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81
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm (anterior)

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82
Q

antecubital

A

anterior surface of elbow

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83
Q

axillary

A

(anterior) armpit

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84
Q

brachial

A

(anterior) arm

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85
Q

buccal

A

cheek area

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86
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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87
Q

cervical

A

neck region

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88
Q

coxal

A

hip

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89
Q

crural

A

leg

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90
Q

deltoid

A

curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

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91
Q

digital

A

fingers toes

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92
Q

femoral

A

thigh

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93
Q

fibular

A

lateral part of leg

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94
Q

frontal

A

forehead

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95
Q

inguinal

A

area where thigh meets body trunk; groin

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96
Q

mental

A

chin

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97
Q

nasal

A

nose area

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98
Q

oral

A

mouth

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99
Q

orbital

A

eye area

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100
Q

patellar

A

anterior knee

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101
Q

pelvic

A

area overlying the pelvis anteriorly

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102
Q

pubic

A

genital region

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103
Q

sternal

A

breastbone area

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104
Q

tarsal

A

ankle region

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105
Q

thoracic

A

chest

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106
Q

umbilical

A

navel

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107
Q

posterior body landmarks

A

888

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108
Q

calcaneal

A

heel of foot

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109
Q

cephaliic

A

head

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110
Q

femoral

A

thigh

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111
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

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112
Q

lumbar

A

area of back btw ribs and hips, loin

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113
Q

occipital

A

posterior surface of head or base of skull

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114
Q

olecranal

A

posterior surface of elbow

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115
Q

popliteal

A

posterior of knee area

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116
Q

sacral

A

area btw hips

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117
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade region

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118
Q

sural

A

the posterior surface of leg; calf

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119
Q

vertebral

A

area of spinal column

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120
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot region

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121
Q

Anterior/Ventral Cephalic

A

Frontal, orbital, nasal, buccal, oral, mental

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122
Q

Dorsal/ Post Cephalic

A

Occipital (head of back)

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123
Q

Dorsal/ Post Back

A

Scapular, Vertbral, Lumbar, scaral, and gluteal

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124
Q

Body Planes

A

body sectioned (cut) along a flat surface

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125
Q

Sagittal

A

Body plane that divides the body into right and left parts away from midsagittal

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126
Q

Midsagittal/ medial

A

body plane that sagittal plane that lies on midline

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127
Q

frontal/ coronal

A

body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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128
Q

Transverse/ horizontal (cross section)

A

divides body into superior and inferior parts

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129
Q

Oblique section

A

cuts made diagonally

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130
Q

parasagitall

A

near

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131
Q

Anatomical Variability

A

Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy

Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions: but,
nerves/ blood vessels may be somewhat out of order
small muscles may be missing
extreme anatomical variations are seldom even

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132
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions

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133
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

is within the skull and encases the brain (subdivision of dorsal)

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134
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord (subdivision of dorsal)

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135
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

(more anterior) houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions; thoracic and abdominopelvic

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136
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

subdivided into pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity

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137
Q

Pleural cavities

A

each houses a lung

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138
Q

mediastinum

A

contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

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139
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

encloses the heart

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140
Q

Diaphragm

A

abdopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity

dome-shaped

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141
Q

Abdominapelvic Cavity

A

Abdominal pelvic and pelvic cavity

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142
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

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143
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

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144
Q

Serosa

A

thin double layer membrane in ventral body cavity

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145
Q

Parietal serosa

A

lines internal body walls

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146
Q

Visceral Serosa

A

covers the internal organs

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147
Q

What separates serosae?

A

serous fluid

lubricates organs to prevent fiction so that fluid doesn’t build up

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148
Q

Pericarditist

A

percardiam is inflamed with fluid

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149
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Friction that creates excess fluid sitting around heart = fluid pressure that needs to be drained

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150
Q

What organs are most vulnerable during an accident?

A

abdominopelvic organs

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151
Q

Oral and Digestive Cavities

A

mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

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152
Q

Nasal

A

located within and posterior to the nose

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153
Q

orbital

A

house the eyes

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154
Q

Middle ear

A

contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations

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155
Q

synovial

A

joint cavities

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156
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Region that is center located where belly button is

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157
Q

epigrastric region

A

area above stomach

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158
Q

hypogastric region

A

below umbilical (pubic)

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159
Q

Right and Left Iliac/inguinal region

A

beside hypogastric

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160
Q

Right and Left Lumbar

A

side of umbilical

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161
Q

Right/Left Hypochondriac

A

side of epigastric

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162
Q

anatomy chem

A

basic chem

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163
Q

Mass

A

equivalent to amount of matter in the obj

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164
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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165
Q

Solid

A

has definite shape and volume

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166
Q

liquid

A

has definite volume, changeable shape

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167
Q

gas

A

has changeable shape and volume

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168
Q

energy

A

no mass and doesn’t take up space

capacity to do work

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169
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy in action

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170
Q

potential energy

A

energy of position; stored (inactive) energy

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171
Q

chemical energy

A

stored in the bonds of chemical substances

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172
Q

electrical energy

A

results from the movement of charged particles

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173
Q

mechanical energy

A

directly involved in moving matter

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174
Q

radiant or electromagnetic energy

A

energy traveling in waves

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175
Q

elements

A

unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means
112

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176
Q

Atoms

A

more or less identical blocks for each element

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177
Q

atomic symbol

A

one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element

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178
Q

Physical Properties of Elements

A

those detected with our senses

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179
Q

chemical properties

A

pertain to the way atoms interact with one another (bonding)

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180
Q

Major Elements

A

96.1%
C, H, N, O
Macronutirents

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181
Q

Lesser Elements

A

make up 3.9% of body

Ca,P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, I, and Fe

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182
Q

Trace Elements

A

makes up .01% of body
required in minute ants
found as part of enzymes
Co, Zn, Si

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183
Q

Nucleus of Atom

A

neutrons and protons

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184
Q

Neutrons

A

have no charge and a mass of one atomic mass unit

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185
Q

Protons

A

have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu

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186
Q

Nucleus charge

A

neutral

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187
Q

electrons

A

orbit nucleus and have a negative charge and mass of 1/20,000 mass of proton (0 amu)

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188
Q

Planetary Model

A

electrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits

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189
Q

orbital model

A

regions around the nucleus in which e-s are most likely to be found

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190
Q

Atomic Number

A

equal to the number of protons

tells number of electrons

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191
Q

How is atomic number written?

A

subscript to left of atomic symbol

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192
Q

Mass Number

A

equal to the mass of the protons and neutrons
one p+ or n0= 1 amu
Mass of e- is ignored

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193
Q

How is mass number written?

A

superscript left of symbol

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194
Q

Atomic Weight

A

average of the mass numbers of all isotopes

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195
Q

What is the basic rule for atomic weight = to?

A

mass # of the most abundant isotope

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196
Q

isotope

A

atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of a neutrons; making structural variations in atoms

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197
Q

How are isotopes written?

A

By atomic symbol followed by mass number

C-14

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198
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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199
Q

Molecule of a element

A

When an element is bonded to the same element

H2

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200
Q

Molecule of a compound

A

when 2 or more different kinds of atoms bond

H20

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201
Q

compound

A

chemically pure (all molecules are identical)

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202
Q

Molecule displays?

A 
characteristics of compound
same f(x)
203
Q

Atoms displays?

A

characteristics of element

204
Q

How do atoms combine?

A

Chem bonds

205
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Made/broken in less than a trillionth of a second

206
Q

Electron shells/energy levels

A

surround the nucleus of atom

207
Q

How are bonds formed?

A

elections in the outermost energy level

208
Q

how many electrons in first shell?

A

2

209
Q

Outer shells?

A

8

210
Q

Valence Shell

A

outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons

211
Q

octet rule

A

except first shell that has two, the atoms interact to have 8 elections in their valence shell

212
Q

Inert elements

A

have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons
Helium and Neon (inert gas used in welding)

213
Q

Reactive Elements

A

don’t have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons

214
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Atoms are electrically neutral

gain or lose electrons

215
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of e-‘s

216
Q

Anions

A

gained one or more electrons

negative charge

217
Q

Cations

A

have lost one or more electrons

positively charged

218
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons

219
Q

what do iconic compound form?

A

crystals instead of molecules

NaCl (salt)

220
Q

Ionic bonds are commonly formed how?

A

between atoms with one or two valence electrons and atoms with 7

221
Q

Cations and anions are held by?

A

ionic bonds

222
Q

dry state salts form?

A

crystals

223
Q

Most ionic bonds form what structure ?

A

crystals

224
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

formed by sharing of 2 or more electrons

225
Q

electron sharing yields

A

molecules in covalent bonds

226
Q

trachea, bronchi, aveoli

A

respiratory

227
Q

Biochemistry

A

chemical compositions and run’s in living matter

228
Q

organic compounds

A

contain carbon
covalent bond
large

229
Q

inorganic compounds

A

don’t have carbon

water, salts, many acids and bases

230
Q

Is water an organic or inorganic compound?

A

inorganic

231
Q

Water’s High Heat Capacity

A

absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature (ideal for the body)

232
Q

h2o high heat of vaporization

A

changing from a liquid to a gas requires large amounts of heat (h bonds)

233
Q

h2o polar solvent properties

A

disolves ionic substances, forms hydration layers around large charged molecules, and serves as the body’s major transport medium
(needed for biochem)

234
Q

Reactivity (h2o)

A

is an vital part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis rxns

235
Q

Cushioning

A

resilient cushion around certain body organs (cerebrospinal fluid)

236
Q

Salts compound type?

A

inorganic compound

237
Q

Salts contain?

A

Ionic compound containing cations other than h+ and anions other than OH-

238
Q

What happens when salts dissolve in h2o?

A

they dissociate into their component ions

239
Q

All ions, salts, acids and bases are what?

A

Electrolytes

240
Q

electrolytes

A

they conduct electrical current in a solution

241
Q

Salts in the body

A

Calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, NaCl

242
Q

salt ionize in water allows?

A

bio

243
Q

Fe (iron)

A

Hemoglobin

244
Q

why are salts, acid and bases electrolytes?

A

they ionize and dissociates in water and conduct electricity

245
Q

Acid

A

subtance that releases H+

sour and react with metals

246
Q

What happens when acids dissolve in h2o?

A

release hydrogen and anions

247
Q

Concentration of protons determines what?

A

acidity of a solution

248
Q

acids releasing h+ = what?

A

proton donors

249
Q

Bases taste and feel

A

slippery

bitter

250
Q

bases are proton?

A

accepters

251
Q

common inorganic bases

A

hydroxides
magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)
sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
dissociates and dissolves in water

252
Q

what are liberated in base when dissolved in water?

A

Hydroxy ions (OH-)

253
Q

What happens when hydroxyl ions combine with H

A

water produced and acidity is reduced

254
Q

Bases release and are?

A

OH- and are proton accepters

255
Q

acidic solutions

A

have higher H+ concentrations and thus a lower pH

256
Q

Alkaline solutions

A

have lower H+ concentrations and thus a higher pH

257
Q

Neutral solutions

A

have equal h+ and OH- concentrations

258
Q

bicarbonate ion

A

HCO3- is plentiful in blood

259
Q

Ammonia

A

NH3 has one pair of unshared electrons that strongly attracts protons (protein breakdown)

260
Q

if ammonia accepts electrons it becomes what?

A

Ammonium ion

261
Q

pH scale

A

0-14

262
Q

pH 7

A

equal H+ and OH-

263
Q

Acidic pH

A

0-6.99

264
Q

Basic pH

A

7.01-14

265
Q

Neutral pH

A

7

266
Q

Buffers

A

systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids

267
Q

how buffers work?

A

increasing H+ and binding H+

268
Q

in buffers acids reflect what?

A

only free H+

269
Q

Buffering controlled by?

A

kidneys and lungs

270
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

271
Q

strong acid

A

dissociates completely and irreversibly in water (hydrochloric and sulfuric acid)

272
Q

weak acid

A

dont dissociate fully

273
Q

strong base

A

tba

274
Q

weak bse

A

sodium bicarbonate

275
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate sys

A

Carbonic acid dissociates, reversibly bicarbonate ions and protons
Chem equalibrim btw carbonic acid and bicarb rests pH changes in blood
rise in pH
reverse low in pH

276
Q

organic compounds

A

molecules unique to living systems contain carbon and hence are organic compounds

277
Q

Carbon excpetions?

A

carbon dioxide/monoxide and barbides

278
Q

4 major organic compounds

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleics Acid

279
Q

Carbohyrates contain?

A

Hydrated carbons
2:1
C, H ,O

280
Q

Carbohyrate major function

A

supply source of cellular food

monosaccarides (simple sugar)

281
Q

dissaccharides

A

double sugars

282
Q

Polysacs

A

polymers of simple sugar

283
Q

Lipids contain

A

C,H, O, but he proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates

284
Q

lipids are insoluble in?

A

in water

285
Q

Lipids are soluble in?

A

acohol

286
Q

Neutral Fats

A

Triglycerides

287
Q

Trigylyerides ratio

A

3:1

288
Q

TG location

A

under skin

women swimmers

289
Q

phospholipids

A

modified trigylcerides with 2 fatty acids groups and a phosphorus group

290
Q

steroids

A

lipids
flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings (cholesterol
hormones vit D and bile salts

291
Q

eicosanoids

A

lipid that derived from 20-c fatty acids (arachidonic acid) found in cell membranes

292
Q

neutral fats location

A

found in subcatenous tissue and around organs

293
Q

phospholipids

A

chief component of cell membranes

294
Q

steroids are

A

cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin d, sex hormones, and adrenal cortical hormones

295
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, E, K

296
Q

eicosanoids

A

prostglandins, leuoktriens (hayfever and asthma hist), and thromboxanes

297
Q

lipoproteins

A

transport fatty acids and cholesterol in bloodstream

298
Q

Amino acids

A

building blocks of protein, containing an amino group and a carboxyl group
10-30% cell mass
amino acid structure

299
Q

proteins

A

macromolecules composed of combo of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds

300
Q

Enzymes globular proteins

A

biological catalysts

301
Q

Enzymes are what spec?

A

chemically

302
Q

Enzyme name?

A

type of reaction they catalyze

303
Q

Enzyme name ends in?

A

ase

304
Q

Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

A

binds with substrate, product is formed at lower activation energy, product released

305
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

e-‘s shared equally between atoms

306
Q

polar molecules

A

e-‘s shared unequally

307
Q

Polarity determines

A

shape of molecule

308
Q

electronegative

A

atoms with 6 or & valence shell electrons

309
Q

electropositve

A

atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell e-‘s

310
Q

Hydrogens bods

A 
too weak to bind atoms together (attraction)
common in dipoles such as water
responsible for surface tension in water
beads
vital as intramolecular bonds
311
Q

chem rxns

A

occur when chem bonds are formed, rearranged or broken

312
Q

how are chem runs written?

A

symboic form using chem eqns

313
Q

Chem eqns have?

A 
# and type of reacting substances and products yield
relative ants of reactants and products
314
Q

combo rxns

A

synthesis reactions which always involve bond formation

A+B–> AB

315
Q

Decomposition Rxn

A

molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

AB–>A + B

316
Q

Exchange Rxn

A

bonds are both made and broken

AB+C–>AC+B

317
Q

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) rxns reactants losing e-s

A

electron donors and oxidized

318
Q

Redoc taking up e-s

A

electron accpetors and become reduced

319
Q

exergonic rxns

A

reactions that release energy

320
Q

endergonic rxns

A

reactions whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants

321
Q

all chem runs are?

A

theoretically reversible

322
Q

How is chem equilibrium reached?

A

if neither a fwd nor reverse run is dominant

323
Q

temp

A

chem rx proceed quicker at higher temp

324
Q

particle size

A

the smaller the particle the faster the chem rxn

325
Q

concentration

A

higher reacting particle concentrations yield faster rxns

326
Q

catalysts

A

increase the rate of a run without being chemically changed

327
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts

328
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Created cell theory

329
Q

Cell Theory Hooke

A

Cells Arise from other cells

Spontaneous Generation

330
Q

Cell Theory 4 things

A

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
Organismal Activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells
Biochem activités of cells are dictated by sub cellular structure (principle of complementarity)

Continuity of life has a cellular basis

331
Q

Cells types amount

A

200

332
Q

How many cells?

A

50-100 trillion

333
Q

Cell Function

A 
cells that connect
move body
store nutrient
fight disease
nerve
reproduce
334
Q

Plasma Membrane seperates

A

intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids

335
Q

plasma membrane role

A

plays a dynamic role in cellular activity

336
Q

Glycocalyx plasma membrane

A

a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological makers by which cells recognize one another

337
Q

FLuid Mosaic Model size

A

Thin 7-10 nm (one millionth of a meter)

338
Q

FMM appearance

A

double bilayer lipids with imbedded, dispersed, proteins

339
Q

What does PM bilayer consist of?

A

phosphoplipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

340
Q

Glycolipids

A

lipids with bound carbohydrate

341
Q

Phospholipids

A

have hydrophobic and hydrophilic bipoles

342
Q

Function of Membrane Proteins

A 
Transport
Enzymatic Activity
Receptors for signal transduction
Intercellular adhesion
cell-cell recognition
attachment to cytoskeloton and extracellular matrix
343
Q

Protein on Plamsa Memb surfaces

A

half of memb mass

344
Q

What kinds of proteins in PM

A

integral

peripheral

345
Q

Integral protein

A

some are transmembrane proteins (transport) forming channels and carrier

346
Q

integral forms what

A

receptors (signal transduction)

347
Q

Peripheal proteins

A

found on end of integral proteins

348
Q

peripheral proteins forms

A

network of filament; some are enzymes

349
Q

how does membranes differ?

A

kind and Amt of lipids they have

350
Q

glycolipids location

A

found only in outer membrane surface

351
Q

20% of membrane lipids are

A

cholesterol

352
Q

Glycoproteins in glycocalex

A

act as adhesive

wavy contours and special membrane junctions

353
Q

Tight Junction

A

impermeable junction that encircles the cell forms imperm junct

354
Q

Tight junction examples

A

Eplithial cell of GI

355
Q

demosome

A

anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells (rivets) AND HAS PLAque and cadherins

356
Q

Plaque and cadherins use

A

hold cells

357
Q

demosome contributes

A

internal network of guy wires (skin and muscles). Intermediate filament

358
Q

Gap Junction

A

a nexus
link the means of connection btw things linked in series
(excitiable tissues)

359
Q

Passive Membrane Transport : Diffusion

A

interstiutual fuild, extracellular (hormones, AA, fats. and NT)
selective movement
movement in 2 directions
Passive and active transport

360
Q

2 passive types of movement

A

diffusion cell to cell

filtation cap wall

361
Q

polar covalent bond

A

a bond which electrons are shared unequally

362
Q

A bond which electrons are lost or gained by atoms

A

ionic bond

363
Q

bond which electrons are shared equally

A

nonpolar covalent bond

364
Q

type of bond vital in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three dimensional structure

A

H bond

365
Q

first one or two letters of an elements name

A

Atomic symbol

366
Q

of protons

A

atomic number

367
Q

combined # of protons and neutrons

A

mass number of an element

368
Q

True/F

isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains

A

false

369
Q

T/f

all organic compounds contain carbon

A

true

370
Q

A chem rxn in which bonds are broken is usually associated with the ….

A

release of energy

371
Q

Unstable atom

A

2, 8, 1

372
Q

Active Transport

A

uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane

373
Q

What does Active Transport require?

A

Carrier proteins like carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

374
Q

Fac diff honors?

A

concentration gradient active transport doesn’t

375
Q

AT works how?

A

against concentration gradient

376
Q

Two types of AT

A

Symport sys

Antiport sys

377
Q

Symport Sys

A

2 substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction

378
Q

Antiport sys

A

2 substances are moved across a membrane in opposite direction

379
Q

Passive Membrane Transport

A

Simple, Fac Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

380
Q

Simple, Fac Dif, and osmosis energy source

A

Kinetic energy

381
Q

Filtration Energy source?

A

Hydostatic Pressure

382
Q

example of simple diff

A

Movement of O2 through membrane

383
Q

example of fac diff

A

Movement of glucose into cells

384
Q

osmosis example

A

movement of water in/out of cells

385
Q

filtration exp

A

formation of kidney filtrate

386
Q

active transport of solutes example

A

movement of ions across membranes

387
Q

exocytosis example

A

neurotransmitter secretiion

388
Q

endocytosis example

A

white blood cell phagocytosis

389
Q

fluid-phase endocytosis example

A

absorption by intestinal cells

390
Q

receptormediatated endocytois exp

A

homone and choleserol uptake

391
Q

endocytosis via caveoli

A

chlosterol regulation

392
Q

intracellular trafficking of molecules is exp?

A

endo via coatomer vesicles

393
Q

cytoplasm

A

Material between plasma membrane and the nucleus. Most cellular activities occurs. Contains:cytosol, organelles, inclusions

394
Q

Cytosol

A

largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
vicious, semi-transparent

395
Q

cytoplasmic organelles

A

metabolic machinery of the cell

carry out special f(x)’s

396
Q

Inclusions

A

chem substances such as glycosides, glycogen granules, pigment (may/may not be present)

397
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles

A

Specialized cellular compartments, membranous and nonmemb

398
Q

Membranous

A 
mitchondria
peroxisomes
lysosomes
ER
Golgi appartus
399
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

double membrane with shelf-like cristae

400
Q

What does mitochondria provide?

A

most of cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration

401
Q

Mitochondria has?

A

own DNA and RNA can reproduce themselves by fission

402
Q

Mitochondria makes up?

A

5% of the proteins need to function

403
Q

When energy demand increases in mito what occurs?

A

fission

404
Q

Mito density?

A

dictated by energy demand

405
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Granules containing protein and rRNA (r=ribosomal_

406
Q

Ribosomes are found at

A

site of proteins

407
Q

Ribosomes have how many subunits?

A

2

408
Q

Some ribosomes float freely in the ?

A

cytop

409
Q

Some ribosomes are attached to?

A

membranes forming rough endoplasmic reticulum

410
Q

Free ribosomes synthesize?

A

soluble proteins (cytosol)

411
Q

Membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize

A

proteins to be incorporated into membranes or export

412
Q

T/F Ribosomes can switch back?

A

True

413
Q

ER structure

A

interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cistern and is continuos with nuclear membrane

414
Q

Two varieties of ER?

A

Smooth

Rough

415
Q

rough ER structure

A

external surface studded with ribosomes

416
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

manufactures proteins secreted from cell, so it’s well developed in secretary cells, antibody-producing cells and liver cells
Forms the membrane factory

417
Q

what is assembled in rough ER?

A

proteins assemebled here goes into the cisternea

418
Q

What is the rough er responsible for?

A

synthesis of integral membrane protein and phospholipids for cell membranes

419
Q

Signal Mech of Protein Syntheis

A

Signal sequence

cell recognition particle (SRP)

420
Q

mRNA

A

ribosome complex is directed to rough ER by a signal-recognition particle (SRP)

421
Q

SRP is released and what happens?

A

polypeptide grows into cisternAE

422
Q

In SRP protein folds into?

A

a 3D conformation

423
Q

in arp how is protein enclosed?

A

transport vesicle and moves two the Golgi Apparatus

424
Q

Smooth ER structure

A

tubules arranged in a looping network

425
Q

SMooth ER function

A

catalyzes the listed reactions in various organs of body

426
Q

Liver example for Smooth ER function

A

lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs

427
Q

testes function by smooth er

A

synthesis of steroid-based hormones

428
Q

Smooth er intestinal cells

A

absoprtion, synthesis,and transport of fats

429
Q

SMooth er skeletal and cardiac muscle (sacroplasmic reticulum)

A

storage and release of calcium

430
Q

Golgi Apparatus Structure

A

stack and flattened membranous sacs

431
Q

GA functions in?

A

modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins

432
Q

Transport vessels from Er do what?

A

fuse with the convex cis face of the GA

433
Q

Proteins pass through GA to?

A

Trans face

434
Q

Secretory vesicles leave?

A

trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell, leaving by exocytosis

435
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

436
Q

Lysosomes digest?

A

ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins

437
Q

Lysosomes degrade?

A

nonfunctional organelles

438
Q

Lysosomes breakdown?

A

glycogen and release thyroid hormone
nonuseful tissues (webs)
bone to release Ca2+
Uterine lining during menustration

439
Q

Where are secretory lysosomes found?

A

white blood cells
immune cells
melanocytes

440
Q

Lysosome Memb

A

02, injured, Vitamin A

Autolysis?

441
Q

Microfilaments structure

A

dynamic strands of the protein actin

442
Q

Where are Microfilaments attached to?

A

cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

CAMs and function to endocytosis and exocytosis

443
Q

Microfilament function

A

braces and strengthens cell surface

444
Q

Intermediate Filaments Characteristics

A

Tough

insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength

445
Q

Intermedi Filament resist

A

pulling forces on the cell and help form demsomes

446
Q

Peroxisomes structure

A

membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases

447
Q

Peroxisomes cells

A

kidney and liver cells

448
Q

Peroxisomes function

A

detoxify harmful/toxic subtances

449
Q

Peroxisomes Neutralize

A

dangerous free radicals

450
Q

Free Radicals

A

highly reactive chemicals with unpaired e-‘s

451
Q

2 example of fr

A

oxidases converts FR to hydrogen peroxide; hydrogen peroxide is converted to water (catalases)

452
Q

What is cytoskeloton?

A

the skeleton of the cell

dynamic elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol

453
Q

What does cytoskel consist of?

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

454
Q

Microtubules

A

dynamic

hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin

455
Q

Microtubules dtermine?

A

overall shape o the cell and distribution of organelles

456
Q

Motor molecules

A

Protein complexes that function in motility

457
Q

What powers motor molecules?

A

ATP

458
Q

Motor molecules attach to

A

receptors on organelles

459
Q

micro tubes

A

are attached at one end near the nucleus to the region called the centrosome

460
Q

Centrioles look

A

small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus

pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules

461
Q

centrioles organize

A

mitotic spindle during mitosis

462
Q

centrioles form

A

bases of cilia and flagella

463
Q

CilliA

A

whiplike motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells
move subtances in one direction across cell surface

464
Q

Cillia line the ?

A

respiratory tract

465
Q

When a cell forms cilia the centrioles…?

A

multiply and line up under the cell membrane

466
Q

Microtubes sprout from each centriole forms what/

A

cillary projection

467
Q

When cillary projection grow long, they are called?

A

flagella

468
Q

cillia versus flaggella

A

across cell versus propulsion

469
Q

Nucleus is the ?

A

control center

470
Q

Nucleus contains?

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoli
chromatin
distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets

471
Q

nucleus is gene?

A

-containing ctrl ctr of cell

472
Q

nucleus has?

A

genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins

473
Q

nucleus dictates

A

kinds and amts of proteins to be synthesized

474
Q

multinucleated?

A

muscle and bone destruction cells

475
Q

anucleated?

A

rbc

476
Q

no nucleus

A

no mRNA=no protein synthesis

477
Q

largest orgnelle

A

nuclues

478
Q

nucleus’ shape

A

dictated by shape of cell

479
Q

3 regions of nucleus

A

envelope
nucleoli
chromatin

480
Q

nuclear envelope

A

selectively permeable double membrane barrier has pores

481
Q

nuclear membrane encloses

A

jellylike cytoplasm; has essential solutes

482
Q

outer nuclear envel membrane

A

continuous with rough ER and is studded with ribosome

483
Q

inner membrane

A

lined with nuclear lamina that maintains the shape of the nucleus

484
Q

pore complex regulates

A

transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus

485
Q

Nucleoli

A

dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucls, not membrane bound

486
Q

amt of nucleoli/nucleus?

A

1 or 2

487
Q

Nucleoli has

A

large growing cells

DNA that issue genetic info for synthesizing RNA mRNA

488
Q

When RNA are synthesized they combine with proteins to form?

A

two types of ribosomal subunits

489
Q

Proteins made by ribosomes in the cytoplasm are imported?

A

into the nucleus

490
Q

nucleoli site

A

of ribosome productions

491
Q

chromatin

A

threadlike strands of dan 30%

60% globular histones proteins

492
Q

chromatin is arranged how?

A

fundamental units

493
Q

nucleosome

A

fundamental units of chromatin

494
Q

chromatin consists of

A

8 histones proteins connected to DNA

495
Q

When cell divides ..?a

A

chromatin forms condensed bar like bodies of chromosomes

496
Q

condense body

A

prevent tangling

breakage of chromatin

497
Q

Cell Life Cycle

A

Series of changes cells undergoes from formation to reproduction involving two major periods: interphase and cell division (mitotic)

498
Q

Interphase

A

growing
normal activities
growth or metabolic

499
Q

Cell division (mitotic)

A

when cell divides into daughter cells

500
Q

INTERPHASE PARTS

A

Growth G1, synthesis s, growth g2

501
Q

Miotic Phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

502
Q

g1 gap one

A

metabolic activity and vigorous growth
last for minutes/ years, virtually no cell division
Twds end centrioles start to replicate for cell division

503
Q

synthetic

A

DNA replication that ensures that cell division will result in 2 cells with identical copies of genetic material without proper S phase there can be no correct mitotic phase

504
Q

G2 gap 2

A

brief prep for division enzymes and proetiens needed for division are synthesized and move to proper psotion
at end of this phase centriole replication is done

Anatomy 1 (8 decks)

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