Intro Flashcards
What is the goal of animal science?
to profitably satisfy the needs of humans for food, clothing, emotional, well-being, shelter, and food
Why we biologically study livestock
nutrition, genetics, repro/philosophy, growth/development, production/management, end products
What animal is the most feed efficient?
Chickens; 1-2 lbs of feed per lbs of chicken
Male young cattle that is intact
bull calf
male mature cattle that is intact
bull
male young cattle that is castrated
steer calf
male mature cattle that is intact
bull
young intact male swine
boar
mature intact male swine
boar
young castrated male swine
barrow
mature castrated male swine
barrow
young intact male sheep
ram lamb
mature intact male sheep
rams
young castrated male sheep
wether
mature castrated male sheep
wether
young intact male goat
buckling
mature intact male goat
buck or billy
young castrated male goat
wether
mature castrated male goat
wether
young intact male horse
colt
mature intact male gorse
stallion
young castrated make horse
gelding
mature castrated male horse
gelding
young intact male chicken
cockerel
mature intact male chicken
rooster
young castrated male chicken
capon
adult castrated male chicken
capon
young female cattle who hasn’t had offspring
heifer
mature female cattle that has had offspring
cow
young female swine
gilt
mature female swine
sow
young female sheep
ewe lamb
mature female sheep
ewe
young female goat
doe kid
mature female goat
doe or nanny
young female horse
filly
mature female horse
mare
young female chicken
pullet
mature female chicken
pullet
young cattle meat
veal
mature cattle meat
beef
young swine meat
pork
mature swine meat
pork
young sheep meat
lamb
mature sheep meat
mutton
young goat meat
cabrito
mature goat meat
chevon
young horse meat
chevaline
mature horse meat
chevaline
young/mature chicken meat
chicken
bovine
cattle
porcine
swine
ovine
sheep
caprine
goat
equine
horse
galine
poultry
gestation
time period an animal is pregnant
wean
to remove a young animal from its mother to prevent nursing
estrus
time a female is receptive to the male, “standing heat”
estrous
time between one estrus or heat cycle to the next
anestrous
time in which a female is not receptive to the male
colostrum
nutrient rich milk from the following directly following birth
lactation
period when a female produces milk after birth
freshen
when a female produces milk at the time of giving birth
cull
the act of removing an unproductive animal from the group
pedigree
tracking the ancestors of animals
breed
a variety of animals with a specific trait
breed association
a group of producers that ensure breed traits
commodity group
a group of producers producing a similar product
human use of animals and animal products
food, byproducts, power (plowing, transportation), clothing, manure (fertilizer), pleasure (pets), animal research
animals in human consumption - meat
- most efficient protein, and more than other animal sources
- complete protein
animals for human consumption - milk
- inexpensive, high quality source of protein
- cheese, ice cream, yogurt
- most milk has added fats, flavoring, coloring
animals for human consumption - eggs
- the “perfect” food
- high in protein and fat
By-Products from Animals
bones (buttons, glue, mineral supplement), fat (chemicals, salves, creams, dressings, lubricants, soaps, food), glands (medicines), collagen (glue and gelatin), intestinal and stomach tissue (lunch meats, sutures, strings for instruments)
Animals for work/power
- Power for farming operations
- Herd/guard other animals (dogs, donkeys, geese, llamas/alpacas)
- assist physically and mentally
Hippotherapy
therapy using horses
Animals Protein in the Human Diet
- Meat has a high biological value, basically the protein make-up matches humans, and all in the correct amount of proportions
- Animal Products are excellent sources of Iron, Calcium, and Vitamin B-12
Fe (Iron)
what gives meat its pink color
Ca (Calcium)
availiability
Vitamin B-12
energy
How much of the worlds tractors are in the U.S. and Europe?
39%; rest of the world relies on farm power
Percent of income spent on food?
US - 11%
Developing Countries - 30-60%
Why there’s food insecurities in developing countries?
lack of knowledge, population concentration, lack of wealth, governmental policies, environmental factors (poor soil, limited rain, diseases), religious/cultural/social taboos
Percent of Earth surface is livestock.
26%
How much money does livestock account for in global assets?
$1.4 trillion
How many people are employed by the livestock industry?
1.3 billion people
How much does agriculture account for developed countries GDP?
33%
Demand of livestock products continue to increase because?
population growth, urbanization, increased income
Livestock Production Segments Chart
Seedstock Breeding
Commercial Breeding
Growing/Finishing
Packing
Wholesale Distribution or Processing
Retail
Consumer
Ownership Integration
one firm owns 2 or more industry segments
Contract Integration
Ownership of segments may be separate, but one firm may control (at least partially) multiple segments through contract arrangement
Trends in Animal Production
- Increased vertical integration (2 or more industry segments by the firm)
- Few production units, but with larger average sizes and more specialization; less true for cow-calf and sheep producers
Production Units
farms, ranch’s, plants
Genetic Base - Narrower
- Poultry, Swine, Dairy
- Fewer breeds and fewer seedstock breeders
- Trends toward large specialized producers
Genetic Base - Increasing
- Beef Cattle
- Many breeds and breeders
Dairy Cow Trends
90% are Holstein
Sheep Trends
50 breeds, only 8 are prominent
