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Anatomy > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

Basics

1
Q

What does Anatomy mean?

A

Study of bodily structure

- means “to cut apart”

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2
Q

Types of Anatomy

A
  1. Gross **
  2. Microscopic **
  3. Specialized branches **
    • Pathologic
    • Radiographic
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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A
  1. Developmental **
  2. Regional **
  3. Systemic **
  4. Comparative
  5. Embryology
  6. Surface anatomy
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4
Q

Pathologic anatomy

A

Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

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5
Q

Radiographic anatomy

A

Studies relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific medical imaging procedures such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or x-ray.

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6
Q

Levels of Anotomical Organization

A
  1. Chemical
    • molecules, atoms
  2. Cellular
    • organelles, cells
  3. Tissue
    • groups of cells
  4. Organ
    • 2 or more tissue types
    • specific, complex functions
    • recognizable shape
  5. System
    • groups of related organs
    • work together toward common function
    • 11 organ systems
  6. Organismal
    • highest level
    • all parts of organism
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7
Q

11 Organ Systems

A
  1. Integumentary
    • external body covering; protection and sensation
  2. Skeletal
    • internal support/structure; protection
  3. Muscular
    • movement
  4. Nervous
    • fast-acting control system
  5. Endocrine
    • hormonal control; secreted by glands
  6. Cardiovascular
    • distributes via circulating blood
  7. Lymphatic
    • returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense
  8. Respiratory
    • exchanges gases (O2, CO2) w/environment
  9. Digestive
    • breakdown and absorption of food; elimination of undigestible food
  10. Urinary
    • removes metabolic wastes from blood as urine
  11. Reproductive
    • produces offspring
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8
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The subject stands erect facing observer, w/head level, eyes forward. Feet flat on floor and directed forward, and arms at sides with palms facing forward.

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9
Q

Anterior

A

To the front of the body

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10
Q

Posterior

A

To the back of the body

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11
Q

Superior

A

Above/towards the skull

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12
Q

Inferior

A

Below/to the feet

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13
Q

Proximal

A

Closest to point of attachment

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14
Q

Distal

A

Furthest from point of attachment

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15
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the middle

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16
Q

Lateral

A

Closer to the side

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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18
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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19
Q

Deep

A

On the inside

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20
Q

Superficial

A

On the outside

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21
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the backside

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22
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly side

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23
Q

Cranial

A

At the head end

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24
Q

Caudal

A

At the tail end

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25
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the nose/mouth

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26
Q

Planes of sections

A
  1. Coronal (frontal) plane
    • front and back
  2. Transverse plane
    • top and bottom; horizontal/cross-section
  3. Sagittal plane
    • left and right
      • mid-sagittal - directly divided in the middle
      • para-sagittal - further left or right mid-sagittal
  4. Oblique plane
    • any plane sliced at an angle
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27
Q

Ventral Body Cavities

A 
A. Thoracic
    1. Pleural
    2. Mediastinum
        a. Pericardial
        b. Superior Mediastinum
B. Abdominopelvic
    1. Abdominal
    2. Pelvic
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28
Q

Dorsal Body Cavities

A
  1. Cranial

2. Vertebal

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29
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by cranium; houses brain

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30
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord

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31
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity; bordered anteriorly and laterally by chest wall and inferiorly by diaphragm

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32
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels

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33
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains the heart

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34
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Contains the lungs

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35
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Composed of Abdominal and Pelvic cavities

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36
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Bordered superiorly by diaphragm and inferiorly by a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with abdominal viscera, including stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, and ureters

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37
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Region located between hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder, urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine

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38
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A
  1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  2. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  3. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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39
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A
  1. Right Hypochondriac Region
    • liver, gallbladder, diaphragm
  2. Right Lumbar Region
    • ascending colon of large intestine
  3. Right Iliac Region
    • cecum, appendix
  4. Epigastric Region
    • stomach, liver, diaphragm
  5. Umbilical Region
    • small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine
  6. Hypogastric Region
    • urinary bladder, small intestine
  7. Left Hypochondriac Region
    • diaphragm, spleen
  8. Left Lumbar Region
    • descending colon of large intestine
  9. Left Iliac Region
    • initial part of Sigmund colon
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40
Q

Integumentary System

A

Provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Organs: skin & associared glands, hair, nails

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41
Q

Skeletal System

A

Provides support and protection, site of hemopolesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments.

Organs: skull, sternum, rib, cartilage, vertebrae, sacrum, upper limb bones, humerus, radius, ulna, lower limb bones, femur, tibia, fibula, knee joint

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42
Q

Muscular System

A

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

Organs: orbicularis oculi, temporalis, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, aponeurosis, tendons, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius

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43
Q

Lymphatic Sustem

A

Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and initiates an immune response when necessary

Organs: tonsils, cervical lymph nodes, thymus, axillary lymph nodes, mammary plexus, thoracic duct, spleen, lymphatic vessel, inguinal lymph nodes, popliteal lymph node, lymph vessel

44
Q

Respiratory System

A

Responsible for exchange of gases (O2, CO2), between blood and air in lungs

Organs: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, thoracic diaphragm

45
Q

Digestive System

A

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.

Organs: oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus

46
Q

Nervous System

A

A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory.

Organs: brain, sense organ (eye), spinal cord, nerves, caudia equina

47
Q

Endocrine System

A

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, and some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions

Organs: hypothalamus, penial gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, ovaries, testes

48
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, and blood vessels; heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products

Organs: heart, carotid artery, jugular vein, superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, brachial artery, aorta, inferior vena cava, femoral artery and vein

49
Q

Urinary System

A

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.

Organs: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

50
Q

Femal Reproductive System

A

Produces female sex cells (oocytes), and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, and produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn

Organs: mammary gland, uterus, ovary, uterine tube, vagina, external genitalia (clitoris, labia)

51
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone); transfers sperm to the female.

Organs: seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, prostate gland, penis, urethra, epididymis, testes, scrotum

52
Q

Cephalic Region

A

Head

53
Q

Frontal Region

A

Forehead

54
Q

Orbital region

A

Eye

55
Q

Nasal region

A

Nose

56
Q

Oral region

A

Mouth

57
Q

Buccal region

A

Cheek

58
Q

Cervical region

A

Neck

59
Q

Mental region

A

Chin

60
Q

Deltoid region

A

Shoulder

61
Q

Axillary region

A

Armpit

62
Q

Sternal region

A

Sternum

63
Q

Pectoral region

A

Chest

64
Q

Mammary region

A

Breast

65
Q

Brachial region

A

Arm

66
Q

Antecubital

A

Front of elbow

67
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

68
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

69
Q

Coxal region

A

Hip

70
Q

Pelvic region

A

Pelvis

71
Q

Carpal region

A

Wrist

72
Q

Inguinal region

A

Groin

73
Q

Public region

A

Privates

74
Q

Palmar region

A

Palm

75
Q

Digital region

A

Finger

76
Q

Femoral region

A

Thigh

77
Q

Patellar region

A

Kneecap

78
Q

Crural region

A

Leg (lower)

79
Q

Pes region

A

Foot

80
Q

Tarsal region

A

Ankle

81
Q

Digital

A

Toe

82
Q

Cranial region

A

Surrounding the brain

83
Q

Occipital region

A

Back of the head

84
Q

Auricular region

A

Ear

85
Q

Thoracic region

A

Sternum, chest, breast

86
Q

Vertebral region

A

Spinal column

87
Q

Olecranal region

A

Back of elbow

88
Q

Lumbar region

A

Lower back; loins

89
Q

Sacral region

A

Posterior region between hip bones

90
Q

Gluteal region

A

Buttock

91
Q

Manus region

A

Hand

92
Q

Dorsum region

A

Back of hand

93
Q

Perineal region

A

Perineum; between the thighs; anus and external reproductive organs

94
Q

Popliteal region

A

Back of knee

95
Q

Sural region

A

Calf; posterior part of leg

96
Q

Calcaneal region

A

Heel of foot

97
Q

Plantar region

A

Sole of foot

98
Q

Dorsal region

A

Back

99
Q

Fibular region

A

Lateral aspect of leg

100
Q

Hallux region

A

Great toe

101
Q

Pollex region

A

Thumb

102
Q

Pubic region

A

Anterior region of pelvis

103
Q

Radial region

A

Lateral aspect of forearm

104
Q

Scapular region

A

Shoulder blade

105
Q

Tibial region

A

Medial aspect of leg

106
Q

Ulnar region

A

Medial aspect of forearm

Anatomy (7 decks)

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