Intro Flashcards
Basics
What does Anatomy mean?
Study of bodily structure
- means “to cut apart”
Types of Anatomy
- Gross **
- Microscopic **
- Specialized branches **
- Pathologic
- Radiographic
Gross Anatomy
- Developmental **
- Regional **
- Systemic **
- Comparative
- Embryology
- Surface anatomy
Pathologic anatomy
Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease
Radiographic anatomy
Studies relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific medical imaging procedures such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or x-ray.
Levels of Anotomical Organization
- Chemical
- molecules, atoms
- Cellular
- organelles, cells
- Tissue
- groups of cells
- Organ
- 2 or more tissue types
- specific, complex functions
- recognizable shape
- System
- groups of related organs
- work together toward common function
- 11 organ systems
- Organismal
- highest level
- all parts of organism
11 Organ Systems
- Integumentary
- external body covering; protection and sensation
- Skeletal
- internal support/structure; protection
- Muscular
- movement
- Nervous
- fast-acting control system
- Endocrine
- hormonal control; secreted by glands
- Cardiovascular
- distributes via circulating blood
- Lymphatic
- returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense
- Respiratory
- exchanges gases (O2, CO2) w/environment
- Digestive
- breakdown and absorption of food; elimination of undigestible food
- Urinary
- removes metabolic wastes from blood as urine
- Reproductive
- produces offspring
Anatomical Position
The subject stands erect facing observer, w/head level, eyes forward. Feet flat on floor and directed forward, and arms at sides with palms facing forward.
Anterior
To the front of the body
Posterior
To the back of the body
Superior
Above/towards the skull
Inferior
Below/to the feet
Proximal
Closest to point of attachment
Distal
Furthest from point of attachment
Medial
Closer to the middle
Lateral
Closer to the side
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Contralateral
On the opposite side
Deep
On the inside
Superficial
On the outside
Dorsal
Toward the backside
Ventral
Toward the belly side
Cranial
At the head end
Caudal
At the tail end
Rostral
Toward the nose/mouth
Planes of sections
- Coronal (frontal) plane
- front and back
- Transverse plane
- top and bottom; horizontal/cross-section
- Sagittal plane
- left and right
- mid-sagittal - directly divided in the middle
- para-sagittal - further left or right mid-sagittal
- left and right
- Oblique plane
- any plane sliced at an angle
Ventral Body Cavities
A. Thoracic
1. Pleural
2. Mediastinum
a. Pericardial
b. Superior Mediastinum
B. Abdominopelvic
1. Abdominal
2. PelvicDorsal Body Cavities
- Cranial
2. Vertebal
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranium; houses brain
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral column; contains spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity; bordered anteriorly and laterally by chest wall and inferiorly by diaphragm
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity, thymus, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels
Pericardial cavity
Contains the heart
Pleural cavity
Contains the lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity
Composed of Abdominal and Pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
Bordered superiorly by diaphragm and inferiorly by a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with abdominal viscera, including stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, most of large intestine, kidneys, and ureters
Pelvic cavity
Region located between hip bones and interior to a horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. Associated with pelvic viscera, including urinary bladder, urethra, internal reproductive organs, some of large intestine
Abdominopelvic quadrants
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Abdominopelvic regions
- Right Hypochondriac Region
- liver, gallbladder, diaphragm
- Right Lumbar Region
- ascending colon of large intestine
- Right Iliac Region
- cecum, appendix
- Epigastric Region
- stomach, liver, diaphragm
- Umbilical Region
- small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine
- Hypogastric Region
- urinary bladder, small intestine
- Left Hypochondriac Region
- diaphragm, spleen
- Left Lumbar Region
- descending colon of large intestine
- Left Iliac Region
- initial part of Sigmund colon
Integumentary System
Provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
Organs: skin & associared glands, hair, nails
Skeletal System
Provides support and protection, site of hemopolesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for muscle attachments.
Organs: skull, sternum, rib, cartilage, vertebrae, sacrum, upper limb bones, humerus, radius, ulna, lower limb bones, femur, tibia, fibula, knee joint
Muscular System
Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract
Organs: orbicularis oculi, temporalis, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, aponeurosis, tendons, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius
Lymphatic Sustem
Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) and initiates an immune response when necessary
Organs: tonsils, cervical lymph nodes, thymus, axillary lymph nodes, mammary plexus, thoracic duct, spleen, lymphatic vessel, inguinal lymph nodes, popliteal lymph node, lymph vessel
Respiratory System
Responsible for exchange of gases (O2, CO2), between blood and air in lungs
Organs: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, thoracic diaphragm
Digestive System
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.
Organs: oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus
Nervous System
A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory.
Organs: brain, sense organ (eye), spinal cord, nerves, caudia equina
Endocrine System
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, and some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions
Organs: hypothalamus, penial gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, ovaries, testes
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the heart (a pump), blood, and blood vessels; heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
Organs: heart, carotid artery, jugular vein, superior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, brachial artery, aorta, inferior vena cava, femoral artery and vein
Urinary System
Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.
Organs: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Femal Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells (oocytes), and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, and produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn
Organs: mammary gland, uterus, ovary, uterine tube, vagina, external genitalia (clitoris, labia)
Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone); transfers sperm to the female.
Organs: seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, prostate gland, penis, urethra, epididymis, testes, scrotum
Cephalic Region
Head
Frontal Region
Forehead
Orbital region
Eye
Nasal region
Nose
Oral region
Mouth
Buccal region
Cheek
Cervical region
Neck
Mental region
Chin
Deltoid region
Shoulder
Axillary region
Armpit
Sternal region
Sternum
Pectoral region
Chest
Mammary region
Breast
Brachial region
Arm
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Abdominal
Abdomen
Coxal region
Hip
Pelvic region
Pelvis
Carpal region
Wrist
Inguinal region
Groin
Public region
Privates
Palmar region
Palm
Digital region
Finger
Femoral region
Thigh
Patellar region
Kneecap
Crural region
Leg (lower)
Pes region
Foot
Tarsal region
Ankle
Digital
Toe
Cranial region
Surrounding the brain
Occipital region
Back of the head
Auricular region
Ear
Thoracic region
Sternum, chest, breast
Vertebral region
Spinal column
Olecranal region
Back of elbow
Lumbar region
Lower back; loins
Sacral region
Posterior region between hip bones
Gluteal region
Buttock
Manus region
Hand
Dorsum region
Back of hand
Perineal region
Perineum; between the thighs; anus and external reproductive organs
Popliteal region
Back of knee
Sural region
Calf; posterior part of leg
Calcaneal region
Heel of foot
Plantar region
Sole of foot
Dorsal region
Back
Fibular region
Lateral aspect of leg
Hallux region
Great toe
Pollex region
Thumb
Pubic region
Anterior region of pelvis
Radial region
Lateral aspect of forearm
Scapular region
Shoulder blade
Tibial region
Medial aspect of leg
Ulnar region
Medial aspect of forearm
