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Anatomy > Cytology 1 > Flashcards

Cytology 1 Flashcards

Cells

1
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living structural and functional unit is human body

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2
Q

Cells produced by

A

Cell division; mostly mitosis

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3
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized structural and functional units inside cells.

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4
Q

Parts of a cell

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Nucleus
    • Nucleolus
  3. Mitochondrion
  4. Ribosome
  5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  7. Golgi apparatus
  8. Lysosome
  9. Phagocytic vesicle
  10. Secretory vesicle
  11. Centrosome
  12. Centrioles
  13. Peroxisome
  14. Microtubule network
  15. Cilia
  16. Microvilli
  17. Cytoplasm
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5
Q

Cellular Functions

A
  1. Covers and lines surfaces (epitheleal)
  2. Storage (hepatocytes, adipocytes)
  3. Movement (muscle)
  4. Attachment and support (fibroblasts)
  5. Defense (leukocytes)
  6. Communication (neurons)
  7. Reproduction (egg, sperm, fertilized egg)
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6
Q

Basic animal cell type “Eukaryotic” contains

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Plasma Membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
    • Organelles
    • Cytosol
    • Inclusions

** Organelles have membrane/double membrane; membrane bound

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7
Q

Nucleus structure and function

A
  1. Shape similar to cell
  2. Double nuclear membrane w/pores allowing large molecules to move inside
  3. Houses DNA
  4. Some cells multinucleate (many) or anucleate (none)
  5. Nucleoplasm
    • Nucleolus
      • Organelle in nucleus (non-membranous)
      • assembles ribosomes
    • DNA
      • Chromatin (don’t divide) - loose; protein synthesis
      • Chromosomes - dense, rodlike; cell division
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8
Q

Plasma Membrane structure

A
  1. Selectively permeable - regulates exchange w/extracellular fluid
  2. Limiting factor is mainly cell size
  3. Composed of mostly lipids and proteins
    • Phospholipid Bilayer is basic structure
    • Proteins determine function
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9
Q

Functions of a membrane

A
  1. Communication: contains receptors that respond to molecular signals
  2. Intercellular connection: establishes flexible boundary, protects cellular contents, and supports structure
  3. Physical barrier: phospholipid bilayer separates substances inside & out
  4. Selective permeability: Regulates exit and entry of ions, nutrients, and waste molecules through membrane
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10
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer characteristics

A

Molecules that combine to form polar (Amphipathic molecules***) and nonpolar (Hydrophobic) structure

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11
Q

Glycolipd

A

Glycogen (carbohydrate) attached to a lipid

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12
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate chain

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13
Q

Integral Protein

A

Embedded in phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

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14
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Hangs on outside of cell membrane

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15
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Glycogen (carb) attached to protein

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16
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Lipids - insoluble in water
    • cholesterol
      • affects membrane fluidity
      • thermal stability
  2. Glycolipids (carb attached to phospholipid)
    • outer surface
    • Glycocalyx (carb chain) contributes to cellular recognition

20% is lipid, 5-10% glycolipid

  1. Proteins - highly diverse
    • Integral - embedded
      • channels and carriers
      • receptors
      • enzymes
      • many are glycoproteins
    • peripheral - attached to surface; may float
      • enzymes
17
Q

Cytoplasm components

A

Three components:

  1. Cytosol - intracellular fluid
  2. Inclusions - temporarily stored substances (nutrients/pigments)
  3. Organelles
    • diverse structures w/specialized functions
    • vary among cells
    • membrane-bound & non-membranous
18
Q

Organelles

A

“Little organs”

  1. Membrane-bound organelles
    • membrane isolates secretions, enzymes or toxins
  2. Non-membrane-bound organelles
19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A
  • synthesis of lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies
  • storage (synthesized materials or Ca+)
  • membranous
  • more in liver
20
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A
  • attached ribosomes
  • protein synthesis
  • membranous*
21
Q

Golgi Apparatus structure and function

A
  • membranous
    1. Structure: flattened membranous sacs w/vesicles
    2. Function:
    • modifies new proteins for lysosomes & protein for secretion
    • packages enzymes for lysosomes & protein for secretion
    • sorts all materials for lysosome secretion and incorporation into plasma membrane
22
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exiting the cell

23
Q

Lysosome structure and function

A
  • membranous
    1. Structure: vesicles filled with digestive enzymes
    2. Function:
    • intracellular digestion (wastes and ingested macromolecules)
    • recycle worn-out organelles via Autophagy*
    • self-digestion of cell via Autolysis*
24
Q

Peroxisomes structure and function

A
  1. Membranous sacs of enzymes (oxidases=use O2 to break down free radicals to a safer form of H2O2)
  2. Break down amino acids and fatty acids
  3. Detoxify harmful/dangerous substances
    • hydrogen peroxide (by-product of oxidization)
    • alcohol
    • formaldehyde
    • free radicals
25
Q

Mitochondria structure and function

A
  1. Structure: double membrane w/cristae & central fluid matrix
  2. Function: most ATP synthesis (cellular energy in the presence of O2)
  3. Contains DNA
  4. Self-replicating
  5. More numerous in certain cells and certain individuals (high numbers in cells that require energy, such as muscle cells)
26
Q

Ribosomes structure and function

A
  • NON-membranous
    1. Structure: two subunits
    2. Function: protein synthesis*
    3. Two types:
    • Free - synthesis of proteins for intracellular use
    • Fixed - synthesis of proteins for secretion, or incorporation into lysosomes, plasma membrane, or cell membranes; attached to Rough ER
27
Q

Cytoskeleton structure and function

A
  • NON-membranous
    1. Network of protein structures
    2. Acts as cell’s “muscles and bones”
    3. Determines cell shape
    4. Supports organelles
    5. Involved in internal transport & cellular movements
28
Q

Centrosomes structure

A
  1. “Cell center”
    • closely adjacent to nucleus
    • builds microtubules in non-dividing cells
    • forms mitotic spindle during cell division
  2. 2 centrioles put together
29
Q

Centrioles structure

A
  1. Paired perpendicular bodies in centrosome
  2. Assist in spindle formation
  3. 2 centrioles will make a centrosome
30
Q

Cilia structure and function

A
  • Non-membranous
    1. Mobile projections of cell surface
    2. Contain microtubules
    3. Short, numerous, move substances over free surfaces
  • digestive system
31
Q

Flagella structure and function

A
  • Non-membranous
    1. Mobile projections of cell surface
    2. Contain microtubules
    3. Long, singular, propel human sperm cells
32
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic projections of plasma membrane that increase surface area of cell

Anatomy (7 decks)

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