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Biology - Genetics > Intracellularly - Mitosis Regulation > Flashcards

Intracellularly - Mitosis Regulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does CDK1/Cyclin B do in Mitosis?

A

Phosphorylates nuclear lamins for spindle access to chromosomes, assists in compaction

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2
Q

How is the chromosome condensed?

A

Phosphorylation of the condensin complex on the chromosomes that mediates chromatin condensation

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3
Q

What does CDK1/CB do in metaphase?

A

SAC and KC-MT interaction stabilization.

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4
Q

How does CDK1/CB interact with SAC?

A

Phosphorylates Mad1/2 activating SAC by inhibition of APC/C for correct alignment of chromsomes

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5
Q

How does CDK1/CB regulate KC-MT attachment?

A

Aurora B activity is promoted which is found in the inner centromere, phohsphorylating KC proteins like H3 to promote release of incorrect MT attachments.

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6
Q

How is Aurora B enhanced?

A

INCENP phosphorylation by CDK1/CB to destabilise incorrect attachments

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7
Q

How is Mad1/2 recruitment promoted?

A

CDK1/CB phosphorylation allowing recruitment to KC like KMN network(creates binding sites.

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8
Q

What do Mad1/2 proteins?

A

Inhibition of APC/C until correct chromosomal allignment.

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9
Q

How are the correct KC recognised?

A

Tension mediated process where MT pull on KC transmitting to KMN destablising attachmenets.

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10
Q

What are the two cell cycle promoting factors?

A

S-phase
M-Phase

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11
Q

S-Phase Promoting Factor

A

This promotes transition from G1 phase to S phase being a complex proteins including Cyclin E and CDK2

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12
Q

How does SPF form?

A

Increased levels of Cyclin E, activated by CDK2 phosphorylation

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13
Q

What does SPF do?

A

Activate proteins required for DNA replicaiton initation like Retinoblastoma Protein and E2F TF

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14
Q

E2F TF

A

This activates genes required for DNA replication like DNAP.

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15
Q

M-Phase Promoting Factor

A

This functions to drive cells into the M-Phase from the G2 phase including Cyclin B and CDK1

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16
Q

What does MPF complex formation do?

A

Phosphorylate lamins and NPC proteins breaking down nuclear envelope and mitotic spindle assembly by MAPS activation.

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17
Q

What is Cyclin B upregulated regulated by?

A

Retinoblastoma Protein upregulates E2F

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18
Q

What is cell cycle checkpoint progression mediated by?

A

Cyclin expression as CDK level remain constant throughout mitosis, only their activity enhanced by increased cycline

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19
Q

What does MPF do proceeding mitosis?

A

Promotes cyclin degrading enzymes to remove cyclin

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20
Q

How is Cyclin B degraded?

A

APC/C is a ligase complex where in tandem with CDC20 and CDK1, cylin B is degraded, where ubiquitation marks Cycling for proteasome degradation.

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21
Q

What is the structure of the centriole?

A

Compose with 9 pairs of microtubule triplets with a hollow centre.

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22
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Organise MT and facilitate spindle apparatus assembly.

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23
Q

What is centriole assembly mediated by?

A

Duplication events in G1/S phase regulated by PLK4 and other proteins.

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24
Q

What is the process of centriole duplication?

A

Mother centriole with a daughter formed adjacent by cartwheel prootein complex

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25
Q

What happens to the bound centrioles during mitosis?

A

Seperated by dynein to opposing ends of the cell with mitotic spindle then forming

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26
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

This is a structure forming during cell divsion and speerating duplicated chromosomes.

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27
Q

What are the three types of spindle microtuble?

A

Kinetochore MT
Polar MT
Astral MT

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28
Q

Kinetochore MT

A

These seperate the chromosomes

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29
Q

Polar MT

A

These interact with each other and push the spindle poles apart to elongate the cells

30
Q

Astral MT

A

These anchor the spindle in place to ensure proper oreintation for cell divsion.

31
Q

How are the spindle microtubules regulated?

A

Dynein and Kinesin

32
Q

What does MT growth involve?

A

Y-Tubulin Complex and Dynein/Dynactin complex

33
Q

What does Y-tubulin do?

A

Nucleates the MT, forming a ring-shaped structure being the assembly foundation for MT

34
Q

What doe K-8 and K-13 do for MT growth?

A

Promote elongation and shrinkage respectively.

35
Q

Why is K-13 shrinkage important?

A

Removing incorrect attachments and of damaged MT.

36
Q

What do Dynein/Dynactin do in MT growth?

A

Elongate MT by acnchoring the minus ends and growing to the chromosomes.

37
Q

What does Dynein do?

A

Mediates movement of spindle apparatus to the cell cortex for chromosomal attachment and allignment, binding the plus end and moving towards the minus end.

38
Q

How does Dynein elongate the MT?

A

MDI

39
Q

Example of Astral Motors…

A

Dynein.

40
Q

What doe kinetochore motors do?

A

Attach chromosomes to MT for tension-mediated cell division.

41
Q

How do KC motors facilitate their function?

A

K-4 and K-10 being plus-end directed and dynein being minus-end directed

42
Q

What do polar motors do?

A

These are involved in MT polymerization and cell elongation by pushing MT in opposing directions in metaphase and anaphase.

43
Q

What are examples of polar motors?

A

K-5, 12 and 13

44
Q

How is sister chromatid segregation mediated by motor proteins?

A

Dynein interacts with KC of one sister chromatid and moves towards the minus end, pulling attached chromosomes to the poles through MT-dynactin CC interactions

45
Q

What is chromosomal seperation faciliated by?

A

Pulling by dynein and pushin by kinesin

46
Q

What does Dynein do in Chromsomal Seperation?

A

KC motors pull chromosomes towards pole with astral motors pulling centrosomes to inner face of PM, both shorterning by MT depolymerisaiton.

47
Q

What does Kinesin do in Chromosomal Seperation?

A

Pushing by polar motors polymerising MT to drive polar spindles apart, elongation of the cell and cytokinesis.

48
Q

What is the process of Chromatid Seperation?

A

Cohesin complex seperation by seperases inhibited initially by securin, APC/C destroys securin allowing seperase cleavage.

49
Q

G1 Phase

A

This is metabolically functional stage of the cell with growth.

50
Q

How is DNA replication prepared for in G1?

A

CDK4/6:Cyclin D phosphorylates RBP for E2F release and activation of proteins for replicaiton.

51
Q

What is S phase netry prepared by?

A

Cycle E/CDK2 complex

52
Q

S Phase

A

This is where DNA replication occurs

53
Q

G2 Phase

A

This is preparation for mitosis

54
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

Centrosome is replicated in this stage, with replicated chromsomes and intact nuclear envelope, asters formed by MT elongation

55
Q

Why is G2 important?

A

CDK1/Cyclin B is formed remaining incative, preparing for mitosis

56
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M

57
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Determines proceeding into S phase for DNA replication, regulated by RB protein and P53

58
Q

What checks happen in the G1 checkpoint?

A

Specific cell size
DNA damage sensing
Cell cycle arrest if DNA dmaage

59
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

Regulates entry into mitosis.

60
Q

What checks happen in G2 checkpoint?

A

Cell Size
DNA replication
Favourable envrionment

61
Q

What is the key regulator of G2 checkpoint?

A

CDK1, preventing cell entry into mitosis

62
Q

SAC

A

This regulates entry of anaphase from metaphase in mitosis, ensuring all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindles.

63
Q

What is SAC regulated by?

A

APC/C

64
Q

What does chromsomes misallignment cause?

A

Signalling events activating SAC, kianses recruited to unattached KC.

65
Q

What happens after SAC activation?

A

Aurora B phosphorylated and APC/C inhibited, which otherwise degrades securing and Cyclin B1 for seperate activation.

66
Q

Mitogens

A

These are signals that act from outside the cell to induce mitosis and cell divsiion

67
Q

How do mitogens work?

A

Binding cell membrane receptors and intiaiting intracellular pathways for cell division and proliferation

68
Q

Why is cell division regulatiion important?

A

Prevetion of untimley exit from each stage

69
Q

Cytokinesis

A

This is the physical seperation of the cytoplasm, forming two new daughter cells, in telophase.

70
Q

What does Cytokinesis involve?

A

Proteins forming a contractile actin ring at centre of cell by force generation.

71
Q

What is contractile actin ring mediated by?

A

Anillin nucleation with Rho GTPase and other proteins to site.

Biology - Genetics (14 decks)

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