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Biology - Genetics > Intracelluarly - Mitosis > Flashcards

Intracelluarly - Mitosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prophase

A

The first stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and the G2 phase ends.

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2
Q

What causes chromosomal condensation?

A

Modifcaitons to the histones the DNA wraps like acetylation and phosphorylation.

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3
Q

How does chromosome compaction affect its morphology?

A

Decrease length and increased thickness.

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4
Q

What causes transcriptional shut down during comapction?

A

TF displacement.

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5
Q

What events occur in prophase?

A

Chromosome Compaction
Nuclear Envelope dispersal
Spindle formation

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6
Q

How is rRNA transcription arrested?

A

Phosphorytlation by CDK1 cyclic B kinase of pol1 TF and NPM/B3.

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7
Q

What happens to NPC and lamin fibre components in propase?

A

CDK1 hyperphosphorylates them.

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8
Q

Why is slowing down of protein synthesis during prophase important?

A

It slows mRNA transit to proect it during mitosis

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9
Q

How do cytoskeletal components change during prophase?

A

MT and microfilaments largely dissolve by PHOS and only actin remains for cytokinesis.

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10
Q

How does prophase conserve cytoskeletal material?

A

Using it to construct spindle and cytokinetic machinery

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11
Q

Why is spherical formation after cytoskeltal dissapearance important in prophase?

A

Promotes symmetrical diffusion for uniform distribution.

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12
Q

How is diffusive randomness promoted in prophase?

A

Decrease of cytoplasmic viscoscity by polymer solublisation.

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13
Q

Why are enhanced diffusive capabilities important in prophase?

A

Equipartinioning of cell resources for cytokinesis.

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14
Q

Centrosomes

A

A cellular organelle of two centrioles, regulating MT formation

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15
Q

Prometaphase

A

This is where nuclear envelope has finalised dispersal and nuclear structures are exposed.

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16
Q

What are some of the structural components of the Kinetochore?

A

NDC80, KNL1, Dyenin and Kinesin.

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17
Q

What do motor proteins on MT do?

A

Influence chromosomes position and MT dynamic instability by force generation.

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18
Q

How does dyenin relate to the MC?

A

It associates its minus end.

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19
Q

Merotelic Kinteochore Attachment

A

An error when a single KC attachs to MT emanaiting from both spindle poles.

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20
Q

Why is MT miss-binding common?

A

There are more tubulins associated with MT walls, thus more chance they bind to KC.

21
Q

What faciliattes KC MT attachment?

A

Action of Dyenin and Kinesin

22
Q

How does Kinesin assist KC and MT attachment?

A

It ferries chromosomes towards middle of spindle using parralel adjacent microtubules.

23
Q

How do Dynein and Kinesin work together to facilitate KC and MT attachment?

A

By reorientation of the chromsome in a way maximising attachment.

24
Q

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

A

A mechanism controlling genomic stabiltiy through MT attachment modulation.

25
Q

How does the SAC facilitate its function?

A

Represses anaphase onset until correct chromosome segregation.

26
Q

What is the mechanism behind SAC activation?

A

It remains active so long as kinetochore is unattached, thus inhbition occuring when final KC attaches, activating separase

27
Q

Separase

A

An Enzyme dissolving sister chromatid associations, initiating anaphase.

28
Q

What does Separase target?

A

CDC20 of APC/C

29
Q

What does separase action result in?

A

Impediment of CDC20 ability to act on Cyclin B and Securin, which should prevent their destruction.

30
Q

What happens to CDK1 in SAC?

A

Cyclin B inactives it when Cyclin B is protelysed by CDC20, promoting mitotic exit.

31
Q

How does CDK1 facilitate its function?

A

Controls mitotic phases by PHOS of regultaors, also restraining proteins later required.

32
Q

Functions of the spindle?

A

Chromosomal segregation

33
Q

Kinetochores

A

Mediators of MT and sister chromatid attachment, facilitating correct equtorial segregation.

34
Q

How do KC facilitate with the centromere loci?

A

CCAN is recruited to CENP-A histone variants

35
Q

Constitutive Centromere-Associated Netowrk

A

A protein network in the KC, localising to centromeres and facilitating chromatin and MT binding.

36
Q

MT Dynamic Instability

A

The constant assocaition and disassociation of tubulins from the plus end of the protofilament.

37
Q

What is the general structure of MT?

A

Beta and Alpha tubulin dimers, plus ends free in the cytoplasm and minus ends anchored.

38
Q

What is MDI mediated by?

A

GTP hydrolysis of beta tubulins

39
Q

What happens when GTP is hyrdolysed to GDP?

A

CC where b-tubulin curves outward from the wall of the MT.

40
Q

What happens to A-tubulin in MDI?

A

GTP remains bound, providing lateral interactions for structural integrity, resisting curvature.

41
Q

What facilitates MTOC MT nucleation?

A

y-tubulin MT nucleator complex forming open ring models where MT protofilaments stem

42
Q

What is MT polymerisation and depolymerisation facilitated by?

A

MAPS and Kinesin-13

43
Q

Metaphase

A

The stage where chromosome pairs are fully condensed and are bound to the mitotic spindle, alligned at the metaphase plate.

44
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

An equatorial plane of the spindle having chromosomes oriented upon it.

45
Q

How is anaphase onset?

A

Cohesins cleavage between sister strands

46
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomal segregation and their migration to opposite cell poles.

47
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Splitting of a cell into two daughter cells.

48
Q

What is the process of cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage furrow formation, resulting in two daughter cells connected by an intracellular bridge, then bridge absicion.

49
Q

Rab11/FIP3 endosomes

A

Initate abscission process at the IB in midzone through actin cytoskeltal disassembly.

Biology - Genetics (14 decks)

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