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Biology - Genetics > Biochemistry - Control of Development > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Control of Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is control of development…

A

It is where sets of genes are differentially regulated and expressed resulting in different types of cells.

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2
Q

What does gene control depend on?

A

Transcription factor, chromatin structures or specific receptor molecule synthesis.

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3
Q

What is cell fate based on?

A

Regulatory action with regional concentration or enhancer activity.

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4
Q

Example of development influenced by fetal development?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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5
Q

What happens in Early Development?

A

Development plan is established, cleavage divisions in mitosis occur in series, where embryo becomes multicellular.

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6
Q

What happens after embryo becomes multicellular?

A

The blastula forms

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7
Q

Blastula

A

A hollow sphere of cells produced during development of the embryo by repeated cleavage of the fertilized egg.

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8
Q

What happens after blastula formation?

A

Folding of the blastula in the centre of the primitive streak in gastrulation

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9
Q

Importance of the primitive streak?

A

The streak establishes the cranial axis, connecting stalk cells thicken, cells proliferate/migrate to middles of the embryo.

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10
Q

Three layers formed in gastrulation…

A

Ectoderm, Endoderm and Mesoderm

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11
Q

How are cell fates determined?

A

Blastula cells become committed to a lineage, limiting states possible.

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12
Q

Types of cell fate…

A

Either autonomous or regulated by morphogens

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13
Q

Morphogens

A

Diffusible molecules produced in restrictied tissue region that can impact specific differentiation through concentration gradients.

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14
Q

What is morphogen regulation based on?

A

Positional information, the position of cells means imposition of development

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15
Q

What is gene control in C.elegans dependent on?

A

Polar granules

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16
Q

Polar Granules

A

Transmitted cytoplasm particles mediated by microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

17
Q

Early oocyte in oogenesi…

A

It is diploid with cytoplasm differentiated into organized regions, determining blastula development fates

18
Q

Function of oocytes..

A

Provide positional information, and store molecules for protein synthesis and cleavage divisions

19
Q

Importance of oocyte genes….

A

In tandem with neighbouring cells assisting in proper organization/composition

20
Q

What determines the development genes instruction?

A

Morphogen concentration gradients where oocyte genes expressed are important for other tissues

21
Q

Why are zygotic genes not needed?

A

The embryo depends on its own genes

22
Q

When do zygotic genes become functional?

A

In the two-cell stage

23
Q

Why is early zygotic activation important?

A

Imprinting such as IGF2 imprinted on the oogenesis.

24
Q

Why is the nematode useful for genetic analysis?

A

It has a large number of offspring and is easy to culture.

25
Q

Example of apoptosis importance in cell development…

A

Webbed fingers in humans

26
Q

Example of apoptosis mutations causing abnormalities?

A

The CED-3 gene causes the cell to differentiate into supernumerary neuron

27
Q

Epistasis

A

Where the effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absense of mutations in one or more other genes.

28
Q

What is development an example of?

A

Switch-dependent pathway.

29
Q

Switch Dependent Pathway

A

Meaning the activity of one component either stimulates/represses the activity of the next.

30
Q

How are ‘cell-fate genes’ determined?

A

Law of Dominance as recessive and dominant genes have opposing effects

31
Q

Basis of determining cell-fate genes…

A

If different mutations alter cell fates in opposite directions, the product of the gene must be essential

32
Q

An example of using LOD to determine cell-fate genes?

A

Lin-12 genes controls number of cell decisions

33
Q

What cell divisions does LIN12 control?

A

Two cells from different linaages from the same zygote differentiate into either an anchor cell whilst the other a ventral uterine precursor cell, either as likely to differentiate into either as the other.

34
Q

Epistatic Gene

A

A gene determining whether or not a trait will be expressed.

35
Q

Hydrostatic Gene

A

A gene whose phenotype is altered by the expression of an allele at a seperate locus in an epistasis event

Biology - Genetics (14 decks)

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