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Biology - Genetics > Biochemistry - Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Gene Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Housekeeping genes

A

Eukaroytic genes codiing for proteins maintaining metabolic activity.

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2
Q

Example of housekeeping genes.

A

GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 for galactosee metabolism to convert galactose to G1P.

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3
Q

Monocistronic

A

Only one gene is contained for protein, also called a cistron

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4
Q

Operon

A

Gene clusters transcribed together to give a single mRNA

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5
Q

What regulates GAL7/1/10?

A

Galactose

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6
Q

How does GAL80 repress galactose transcription?

A

Binds and inactivates the activator protein GAL4

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7
Q

GAL4

A

Activates transcription of the GAL genes

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8
Q

GAL3 mechanism in presence of galactose?

A

Binds galactoses with ATP and binds GAL80, restricting it to the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What happens when galactose is not present?

A

GAL80 is free to roam as GAL3 cannot repress it, GAL80 binds and represses GAL4 to prevent GAL synthesis.

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10
Q

What are the two mechanisms of transcription activator protein?

A

Indirectly by interacting with transcriptional machinery components then recruiting it to the site or directly by inaitation transcription of a pre-assembled transcription complex

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11
Q

What are the two ways TAP interact with DNA?

A

helix-turn-helix motif and zinc fingers

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12
Q

TAP zinc finger mechanism..

A

Zinc has affinity for 17BP sequence either end of gene with CCG triplet codon it recognises.

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13
Q

How does helix-turn-helix motif faciltiate its functiion?

A

Infiltrate dsDNA grooves.

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14
Q

Where are enhancers found?

A

Intergenic regions or on introns within the gene.

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15
Q

Example of a TAP?

A

Mammary tumour virus activated by glucocorticoid steroid hormones.

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16
Q

Importance of enhancers?

A

Allow genes to be transcribed when certain proteins are present as well as alter amplification of syntheiss.

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17
Q

Polycomb Group Proteins

A

Epigenetic regulators of transcription important in stem-cell identiy and differentiation.

18
Q

DNA looping

A

The binding of two sites of DNA.

19
Q

Mechanism of DNA looping

A

TAP interacts with transcriptionak complex to recruit it tto gene, formation begins with TFIID(contans TBP), binding TATA box promoter region and DNA minor groove bending it 80 degrees, a TAP links TFIID to enhancer, which also brings TBP into contact with tata box allowing RNAPII recruitment

20
Q

Why is DNA looping important?

A

Allws promoters to activate genes thousands of BP

21
Q

Structure of RNAP II

A

Consists of 12 subnuits found in the POL2 holoenzyme

22
Q

Chromatin-Remodelling Complexes

A

Multiprotein complexes that restructure chromatin to allow its transcription.

23
Q

Most common CRC?

A

Cytosine methylation and CpG islands.

24
Q

Methylation

A

Addition of a methyl group to 5’ carbon

25
Q

What does CPG methylation do?

A

Repress transcription activity.

26
Q

Example of methylation fucnctional importance…

A

Inactive X chromosome and in 60-70% somatic cell CCpG islands are methylaed

27
Q

Genomic Imprinting

A

Expression of one copy of a gene and supression of another.

28
Q

Wher edoes imprinting sex-specific silencing occur?

A

Prader-wili syndrome and Angelman syndrome

29
Q

What do PWS and AS share in common?

A

Deletions of 15q11

30
Q

What genes are deleted in 15q11?

A

SNRPN, necdin and UBE3A.

31
Q

Where are SNRPN, necdin and UBE3A imprinted?

A

SNRPN and necdin in the egg and UBE3A in the sperm.

32
Q

What happens to the 15q11 genes in germ line?

A

Males UBE3A imprinted on both homologs and necdin SNRPN in females

33
Q

What happens if wildtype imrpinted female implanted with sperm of 15q11 deletion?

A

Embryo have no active copy of SNRPN nor NECDIN resulting in PW

34
Q

Why might imprinting occur?

A

If a father supresses genes to conserve resources at expense of fetus, imeediate production will be maximuse.

35
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Where splice sites in pre-mRNA are selected in alteranting combination to produce variably spliced mRNA

36
Q

What does Alternative Splicing allow for?

A

Varying quantites and different types from the same gene of an mRNA

37
Q

Example of alternative splicing?

A

Insulin in skeletal muscle cells has exon 11 removed whilst liver retains it

38
Q

Why is exon 11 removed frfom insulin in skeletal muscle cells?

A

Increases its affinity for insulin

39
Q

How does mRNA stability regulate mRNA?

A

Altering stability affects outcome of protines.

40
Q

Two type of mRNA stability?

A

Deadenylation dependent pathway
Deadenylation independent pathway

41
Q

Deadenylation dependent pathway

A

Where poly-a tail is trimmed to about 25-60NT making it susceptible to cap removal

Biology - Genetics (14 decks)

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