Into To A&P 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The study of the structure of body parts and the relationship to each other
What is physiology?
The study of the function of the body
A&P are inseprable
Form dictates function
Necessary life functions
- Organization
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Metabolism
- Growth, reproduction and development
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite changes in the environment
Negative feedback system
Regulation of blood glucose
Regulation of body temperature
Positive feedback system
Formation of platelet plug during blood clotting
Labor enhancement of contractions by oxytocin
What is negative feedback system?
In these systems the output shuts off or reduces the activity of the original effect of the stimulus
Positive feedback system
- Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
- May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
- Usually controls infrequent events that do not require adjustment
Regional terms
Designate specific body areas within major divisions
Directional terms
Explain where one body structure is in relation to another
Anatomical position
- Body erect
- feet slightly apart
-palms facing forward
. Thumbs point away from body
Two major divisions of the human body
- Axial division- head neck and trunk
- Appendicular division - limbs
Superior (cranial)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end toward the lower part of the body or below
Ventral (anterior)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate
Between a more medial and more lateral structure
Proximal
Closer to the organ of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the paint of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface more internal
Sagital plane
Divides body into right and left parts
Midsagittal (median) plane
Lies on midline
Parasagittal plane
Not on midline
Frontal (coronal) plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts
- produces a cross section
Dorsal body cavity
- Protects nervous system
- two sub divisions
cranial cavity (encases brain)
Vertebral cavity (encases spinal cord)
Ventral body cavites
- Houses internal organs (viscera)
- two subdivisions separated by diaphragm
thoracic cavity ( heart and lungs)
Abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity-digestive viscera)
Pelvic cavity( bladder, reproductive organs and rectum)
Thoracic cavity ( heart and lungs)
Two pleural cavaties
- each surrounds a lung
Mediastinum
- contains pericardial cavity which encloses the heart
- it also surrounds the thoracic organs( esophagus, trachea)
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
- contains stomach spleen and liver
Pelvic cavity
- contains bladder reproductive organs and rectum)
Membranes in ventral body cavity
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the organs it houses are covered by a thin double layered membrane called the serosa or serous membrane
-Parietal serosa ( lines internal body cavities)
-Visceral serosa ( covers internal organs)
Serous cavity
Serous membranes are separated by the serous cavity which is filled with serous fluid( secreted by both membranes)
Serous membranes named for specific cavity and organs for which they are associated
- pericardium (heart)
- pleurae (lungs)
- peritoneum (Abdominopelvic cavity)
Other body cavities
Exposed to environment
• Oral (mouth)
• Nasal cavity (nose)
•Orbital ( houses the eyes)
•Middle ear cavities
Not exposed to enviroment
•Synovial cavities (joint cavities)
Label the diagram with body cavaties
Identify the following planes
