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A&P 1 > Ch. 6 The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch. 6 The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

True or false
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes - this makes it an excellent scaffolding tissue upon which to build bone?

A

True

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2
Q

True or false
The three types of cartlidge are hyaline elastic and fibroblastic?

A

False
Fibrocartilage

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3
Q

True or false
The most abundant type of cartilage in the human body is elastic cartilage?

A

False
Hyaline

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4
Q

True or false
The embryonic skeleton is comprised mostly of hyaline cartridge?

A

True

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5
Q

True or false
Cartilage is highly vascularized and innervated?

A

False
Not vascularized or innervated

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6
Q

List of four classifications of bone by shape and given example

A

1) long bones— femur
2) short bones— wrist, or ankle bones
3) irregular— pelvic girdle
4) flat— sternum

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7
Q

List the seven functions of the skeletal system

A

Protection
Support
Movement
Storage of minerals and growth factors
Storage of fat (energy)
Production of hormones
Production of blood cells

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8
Q

Label the following structure

A
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9
Q

Label the following structure

A
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10
Q

Label the following structure

A
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11
Q

Mitotically, active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum give rise to another type of bone cells called?

A

Osteogenic cells

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12
Q

Bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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13
Q

Mature bone cells that reside in the lacunae of osteons; serve to monitor and maintain the bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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14
Q

Flat cells found on bone surfaces were bone remodeling is not going on; believe to help maintain matrix and support bone

A

Bone lining cells

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15
Q

Giant multinucleate cells, responsible for bone reabsorption, derived from the same hematopoetic stem cells that become microphage

A

Osteoclasts

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16
Q

What mature cells found within lacune of cartilage; serve to maintain the tissue?

A

Chondrocytes

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17
Q

Label the following structure

A
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18
Q

Label the following structure.

A
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19
Q

What three components make a bone (hint: two organic and one organic)

A

1) cells —osteocytes, etc
2) osteoid — Bone matrix; comprise about 1/3 of bone -include ground substance and collagen fibers
3) mineral salts (hydroxyapatite’s) — in organic part of bone; comprises 2/3 of bone, primarily calcium phosphate crystals

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20
Q

True or false
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones

A

True

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21
Q

True or false
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk

A

True

22
Q

True or false
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones

A

True

23
Q

True or false
65% of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite

A

True

24
Q

True or false
Our bones stop growing by the end of adolescence

A

False
Appositional growth occurs anytime

25
Q

True or false
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, a central canal and is found in compact bone only

A

True

26
Q

True or false
The hormone that is primary involved in the control of bone remodeling is a parathyroid hormone

A

True

27
Q

True or false
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions

A

True

28
Q

True or false
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions

A

True

29
Q

True or false
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth in the body

A

False
Appositional growth occurs anytime; remodeling (not really growth) occurs throughout our lifetime

30
Q

True or false
Osteoid is secreted by osteoclasts

A

False
Secreted by osteoblasts

31
Q

True or false
Osteoid is secreted by osteoclasts

A

False
Secreted by osteoblasts

32
Q

True or false
Osteoid consists of ground substance and fibers

A

True

33
Q

Layers of bone matrix

A

Lamellae

34
Q

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

A

Canaliculi

35
Q

The lining of the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

36
Q

Spaces found between concentric lamellae

A

Lacunae

37
Q

The matrix of bone tissue is called?

A

Osteoid

38
Q

Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place

A

Epiphyseal plate

39
Q

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

A

Appositional growth

40
Q

The lining of the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

41
Q

Increase in the length of long bones

A

Interstitial growth

42
Q

Aspiration or bone tissue formation occurs in three general “phases” during life briefly describe what these three phases are and what kind of bone development occurs

A

1) pre-natal: formation of the bony skeleton, using cartilage “models” or fibrous membranes (in which bone replaces the models or fibrous membranes)
2) post-natal until adulthood: increase in length and width of bones; goes on until early adulthood
3) adulthood: ossification in adult serves mainly for bone remodeling and repair

43
Q

Briefly describe the two types of ossification and what bones they produce

A

1) endochondral ossification: phone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage “models”; forms most bones of skeleton
2) intramembranous ossification: bone developes from fibrous membranes; forms flat bones, such as clavicles and cranial bones

44
Q

Briefly describe the two types of ossification and what bones they produce

A

1) endochondral ossification: phone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage “ models”; forms most bones of skeleton
2) intramembranous ossification: bone developes from fibrous membranes; forms flat bones, such as clavicles and cranial bones

45
Q

True or false
Interstitial growth requires the presence of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate

A

True

46
Q

True or false
During interstitial growth, the epiphyseal plate maintains a constant thickness as new bone cells grow on the distal end (i.e. closer to the epiphysis) while new Cartlidge cells grow on the proximal end ( i.e. closer to the diaphysis) of the bone

A

False
bone and cartilage are reversed

47
Q

True or false
Interstitial bone growth ends at the time of birth

A

False
Continues until the end of adolescence

48
Q

True or false
During appositional growth, the buildup of new bones must be balanced by the degradation of old bone

A

True

49
Q

True or false
The most important hormone in regulating bone growth during youth is the thyroid hormone

A

False
Growth hormone, thyroid hormone ensure correct proportions

50
Q

Briefly what is Wolff’s law?

A

Wolff’s law states, bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

51
Q

In adult bones are constantly being remodeled. Remodeling is a two-step process.: bone ___1___and bone ___2__. The cells which do these processes are called ___3___ and ___4___ , respectively. Bone resurfacing occurs at two membranous surfaces, the___5___ and the ___6___. Bone reabsorption occurs first which is essentially the enzymatic breakdown of bone. ___7___. Osteoclasts have a specialized surface called a___8___ border, which cleans tightly to the surface of the bone. Osteoclasts are also capable of phagocytizing ___9___ and ___10___. Once degraded the osteoblasts secrete a new bone, which is ___11___. Mineralization occurs within a week or so, and is controlled and part by mechanical signals and endosteal cavity concentrations of ___12___ and ___13___ ions. Bone remodeling in adults is regulated by genetic factors and two feedback control loops; ___14___ homeostasis, and ___15___ triggers. The two most important hormones are regulating Ca2+ homeostasis are ___16___ and ___17___.

A
  1. Reabsorption. 2. Deposition 3. Osteoclasts 4. Osteoblasts 5.Periosteum 6. Endosteum 7. Matrix (osteoid) 8. Ruffled 9. Matrix. 10. Osteocytes. 11. Unmineralized. 12. Calcium. 13. Phosphate. 14. Ca2+ 15. Mechanical/Gravitational. 16. Parathyroid 17. Calcitonin

A&P 1 (9 decks)

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