Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Ch.4 Histolgy > Flashcards

Ch.4 Histolgy Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells similar in structure that preform common or related function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

STRUCTURE = FUNCTION!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 types of primary tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
    - covers
  2. connective tissue
    - supports
  3. Muscle tissue
    - produces movement
  4. Nerve tissue
    - controls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epithelial tissue (epithelum)

A

Is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity. Epithelia form boundaries between different environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two forms of epithelial tissue that are found in the body

A

• Covering and lining epithelia
- on external and internal surfaces( ex. Skin lines urogenetal digestive and reproductive systems covers the walls and organs of the ventral body cavity)
• Glandular epithelia
- secretory tissue in glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two forms of epithelial tissue that are found in the body

A

• Covering and lining epithelia
- on external and internal surfaces( ex. Skin lines urogenetal digestive and reproductive systems covers the walls and organs of the ventral body cavity)
• Glandular epithelia
- secretory tissue in glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

6 major functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Protection
  2. Absorption
  3. Filtration
  4. Excretion
  5. Secretion
  6. Sensory reception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5 characteristics of epithelial tissue that distinguish it from other tissues

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Specialized contacts
  3. Supported by connective tissue
  4. Avascular but innervated
  5. Can regenerate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is epithelial classified?

A
  1. The first indicates the number of cells
    • simple epithelia = single layer of cells
    • stratified epithelia = two or more layers of cells
    - shape can change in different layers
  2. The second indicates the shape of cells
    • squamous
    • cuboidal
    • columnar
    - in stratified epithelia, the epithelia is classified by the cell shape in apical layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simple squamous epithelia

A

-Single layer flattened (scale) like cells

  • Allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration
  • kidneys, air sacs of lungs, blood and lymphatic vessels, using of ventral bodycavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-Single layer of cube like calls

-Secretes and absorption

-kidney tubules, duct and secretory portions of , small glands, ovary surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

-Single tall layer of cells

-absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances

-noncilliated
• digestive tract ( stomach to rectum)
-ciliated
• bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

-Single layer of cell of different heights

  • secretes substances (primarily mucos), propulsion by ciliary action
  • nonnciliated
    • male sperm carrying ducts, ducts of large glands
  • ciliated
    • trachea, most of upper respiratory tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Two or more cell layers, thick membrane
  • protects against abrasion
  • nonkeratinized
    •moist lining of the esophagus, mouth and vagina
    -keratinized
    •epidermis of skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

-Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cubical
• basal cells cuboidal or columnar
• surface cells dome shaped or squamous like depending on degree of stretch of organ

  • stretches readily, permits stared urine to destined urinary organ
  • lines the ureters, bladder, part of the urethea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Epithelial tissue types covered in class

A

-Covering and lining

-Glandular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gland

A

Consists of one or more cells that makes and secretes aqueous fluid called a secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Major function of simple squamous epithelia are filtration and diffusion

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium are found of in areas where secretion and absorption occur

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Primary function of simple squamous epithelia is absorption and secretion of mucous enzymes and other substances.

A

False
Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary function of stratified cuboidal epithelia is protection

A

False
squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Depending on the functional state of the bladder, the upper most layer of stratified columnar epithelium may look squamous or cuboidal

A

False
transitional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Simple columnar epithelia Iines most of the digest tract

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia are found in the kidney tubules

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelia forms the outer layer of the skin (epidermis)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Simple squamous epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs

A

False
transitional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Many goblet cells are found within pseudostratfied ciliated columnar epithelium

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Contrast exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands release their products (hormones) internally into extra cellular fluid
- they eventually make their way into the blood or lymph
Exocrine glands release their secretions onto a surface
-this can be an external surface such as the skin or internal surface such as the linen of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The only important unicellular exocrine glands

A

Mucous and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Most important multicellular glands

A

Sweat, oil, salivary, liver and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Exocrine primary modes of secretion

A

Merocrire
- secrete products by exocytosis
• pancreas, most sweet glands and salivary glands
Holocrine
- entire secretary cell ruptures releasing secretions and dead cell fragments
• oil (sebaceous) glands of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

List 5 examples of exocrine glands

A

Sweat glands
Pancreas
Salivary glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Liver (bile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Glands that secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced

A

Merocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Gland which accumulate products within, then rupture

A

Holocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sweat glands are an example of this type of gland

A

Merocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Sebaceous glands are an example of this type of gland

A

Holocrine

38
Q

The pancreas is an example of this type of gland

A

Merocrine

39
Q

Connective tissue

A

Most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues; though its amount in different organs varies

40
Q

Four main classes of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
41
Q

Major functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Binding and support (ex. ligaments end tendons)
  2. Protecting (ex. areolar)
  3. Insulating (ex. adipose)
  4. Storing reserve fuel ( ex. adipose)
  5. Transporting substances (ex. blood)
42
Q

3 characteristics that differentiate connective tissue from other tissues

A
  1. Common origin (a.ll connective tissue arse from embryonic tissue)
  2. Varying degree of vascularity (blood vessels) from no vascularity in cartilage to highly vascularized areolar tissue
  3. All connective tissue have an extracellular matrix
    • connective tissue not composed mainly of cells but largely non-living extracellular matrix which separates cells
    - this allows tissue to bear weight,withstand tension, endure abuse such as physical trauma
43
Q

3 structural elements of connective tissues

A
  1. Ground substance
  2. Fibers
  3. Cells
44
Q

Ground substance

A

Is the unstructured material that fills the space between cells
- medium through which solutes diffuse between blood and capillaries and cells
- made of interstitial fluid cell adhesion proteins (“ glue” for attachment) and proteoglycans ( protein core + large polysaccharides)
-the proteoglycans trap water and varying amounts affecting viscosity of ground substance (the higher, the concentration of proteoglycans), the thicker more viscous the ground substance)

45
Q

Connective tissue fibers (3)

A

Three types of fibers provide support:
-collagen
• strongest, and most abundant
• Tough, high tensile strength
-elastic fibers
• network of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
• reticular
• short fine highly branch collagenous, fibers (different chemistry, and formed in collagen fibers)
• Branching networks that offer more “give”

46
Q

Connective tissues cells. “Blast”

A

“blast”-immature cells are myopically, active cells that secrete ground substance, and the fiber characteristic of that tissue type
“blast” cells found, and connective tissue classes
•fibroblasts and connective tissue proper
• chondroblast in cartilage
• osteoblast in bone
• Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

47
Q

Connective tissues cells. “Blast”

A

“blast”-immature cells are myopically, active cells that secrete ground substance, and the fiber characteristic of that tissue type
“blast” cells found, and connective tissue classes
•fibroblasts and connective tissue proper
• chondroblast in cartilage
• osteoblast in bone
• Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

48
Q

Connective tissue cells “ cyte”

A

• once they synthesize the matrix the “blast” Sal, assume their mature less active role and are indicated by the suffix “Cyte”. They can revert to active state if repairs are needed.
“Cyte” cells:
- adipocytes un adipose tissue
• Fibrocytes in connective tissue proper
• chondrocytes in cartilage
• osteocytes in bone

49
Q

What is extra cellular matrix made of

A

Fibers and ground substance

50
Q

The following is a true statement about dense regular connective tissue

A

It contains many collagen fibers running in the same direction
The fiberglass is the primary cell type within it
For tendons and ligaments
For tendons and many of the ligaments
It has a high tensile strength

51
Q

Cells found in areolar connective tissue include:

A

-chondrocytes
-fibroblasts
-macrophages

52
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A

• connective tissue proper includes all connective, tissues, except bone, cartilage, and blood
• Two subclasses of connective tissue proper:
-Loose connective tissues
•areolar
•adipose
•reticular
-dense connective tissue
• dense regular
• dense irregular
• Elastic

53
Q

Loose connective tissue
areolar

A

• Gel like matrix, all three fiber types (collagen elastic and reticular fibers)
• fiber, blast, microphobia mass cells and WBCs
• Wraps and cushions organs important roll and inflammation, holding convey tissue fluid
• Skin, packages organs, surrounds blood and lymph vessels

54
Q

Loose connective, tissue
Adipose

A

• Very sparse matrix, closely packed adipocytes
• Reserve, food, fuel, insulate support, and protects organs
• Subcutaneous, tissue, kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, and breasts

55
Q

Loose connective tissue
Reticular

A

• Network of reticular fibers, reticular cells produce the reticular fibers that formed the network onto which other cells attach
• supportive framework for soft organs, WBCs, mast cells, and macrophages
• lymphatic, tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow

56
Q

Dense connective tissue
Dense regular

A

• Parallel, dense, elastin, and collagen fibers
• fibroblast
• can strength attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone
• tendons and most ligaments

57
Q

Dense connective tissue
Dense irregular

A

• the direction of fiber are random mesh like network
• fibroblast
• tensile tension in all directions structural strength arterial walls
• skin dermis, fibrous capsules of organs and joints and digestive track

58
Q

Dance connective tissue
Dense irregular

A

• the direction of fiber are random mesh like network
• fibroblast
• With tension and all direction structural strength arterial walls
• skin dermis, fibrous capsules of organs and joints and digestive tract

59
Q

Dense connective tissue
Elastic

A

• dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
• allows tissue to recoil after stretching, pulsitile flow of blood and passive recoil of lungs
• Large arteries, certain ligaments, vertebral column, bronchial tubes

60
Q

Cartilage

A

• withstand, both compression and tension has qualities immediate
It is tough yet flexible.
• nerves, and fiber and is avascular
-Receive nutrients from membranes
surrounding it
• It’s ground substance contains a high percentage of proteoglycans (=viscous)
• contains (primarily) collagen and sometimes elastin fibers
• 80% water, allowing rebound after compression
• chondroblast are the predominant cell type in growing Cartlidge until growth stops —> chondrocytes

61
Q

Cartilage
Hyaline

A

•amorphous (without a clearly defined shape) but firm matrix and collagen fibers
• chondroblast
• support and reinforces, cushion resists compressive stress
• embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones, coastal cartilage ribs, nose, trachea and larynx

62
Q

Cartilage
Elastic

A

• Elastic fibers collagen, and proteoglycans
• shape and strength while allowing flexibility
• ear (pinna) and epiglottis.

63
Q

Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

A

• thick bundles of collagen fibers
• tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.
• intervertebral discs and menisci in the knee

64
Q

Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

A

• thick bundles of collagen fibers
• tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.
• intervertebral discs and menisci in the knee

65
Q

Membrane

A

• selective barrier that allows the passage of materials and prevents others
• Typically an epithelium bound to underlining connective tissue proper

66
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

• Skin
• keratinized squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to thick layer of connective tissue (dermis).
• it’s function is protection

67
Q

Mucus membranes names by location

A

• closed ventral body cavity
- pleura (lungs)
- pericardium (heart)
- pertinoneum (Abdominopelvic)
* reduce friction between organs

68
Q

Strongest and most abundant type of fiber provides high tensile tension

A

Collagen

69
Q

Short fine, highly branch collagenous fibers; forming networks that offer more “give”

A

reticular fibers

70
Q

Forms networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

A

Elastic fibers

71
Q

Connective tissue is differentiated from other tissues by the presence of an extracellular matrix matrix

A

True

72
Q

Collagen fibers are the most abundant fiber type in connective tissues

A

True

73
Q

Areolar connective tissue is the most widely distributive connective tissue

A

True

74
Q

Dense regular connective tissue is the “universal packaging material”

A

False
Areolar

75
Q

Areolar connective tissue contains all three fiber types

A

True

76
Q

The primary function of reticular connective tissue is shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage

A

False
Adipose

77
Q

Adipose connective tissue is unusual and that it has a high number of cells found within

A

True

78
Q

Areolar connective tissue forms the internal stoma of soft organs, such as lymph nodes, the spleen and bone marrow

A

False
Reticular

79
Q

Irregular connective tissues contain closely packed bundles of fiber, running in the same direction

A

False
Regular

80
Q

Dense regular connective tissue has thick bundles of irregularly arranged, collagen fibers

A

False
Irregular

81
Q

Dense, irregular, connective tissue makes up the fibrous coverings of some of the organs (kidneys, bones, muscles, and nerves)

A

True

82
Q

Dense irregular, connective tissue provide structural strength and withstand tension exerted in many directions

A

True

83
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue provides structural strength and withstands tension exerted in many directions

A

True

84
Q

Tendons and ligaments are composed, mainly of dense, regular connective tissue

A

True

85
Q

Connective tissue contains other cells, including fat cells, white blood cells, macrophages, and simple squamous epithelium

A

False

86
Q

Elastic connective tissue is found in the walls of the large arteries that leave the heart

A

True

87
Q

Bone and Cartlidge are similar in composition, except bone contains more collagen in addition to inorganic mineral salt, which provide hardness

A

True

88
Q

A membrane that lines body cavities closed to the external environment

A

Serous membranes

89
Q

Membranes that line the body cavities open to the external environment are

A

Mucus membranes

90
Q

Membranes that line the body cavities open to the external environment are

A

Mucus membranes

91
Q

The skin is a

A

Cutaneous membrane

92
Q

Match the drawing above with the tissue type listed below

A

A&P 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions