Interventions Based on Operant Conditioning Flashcards
Most behavioral interventions rely on positive reinforcement; the effectiveness of positive reinforcement is influenced by ___ identified factors.
6.
________________: There must be a ______________ relationship between the target behavior and the positive reinforcer.
- Contingency
- Contingent
______________: To maximize the benefits of positive reinforcement, the reinforcer should be delivered ______________ the target behavior.
- Immediacy
- Immediately after
___________________: Generally, the establishment of a new behaivor is most rapid when reinforcement is applied on a continuous schedule, while maintenance of the behavior is maximized when the behavior is reinforced on an intermittent schedule. The process of reducing the proportion of reinforcement is referred to as _________________.
- Schedule of Reinforcement
- Thinning
______________________: Up to a point, the greater the amount of positive reinforcement, the greater its effectiveness. Past that point, ______________ may occur, which means that the reinforcer has lost its reinforcing value. Primary reinforcers are more susceptible to this than secondary reinforcers, especially generalized secondary reinforcers; a continuous schedule of reinforcement is more susceptible to this than the intermittent schedules.
- Magnitude
- Satiation
____________________: The effectiveness of reinforcement is enhanced when the contingent relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer is verbally clarified.
Verbal clarification.
____________________: These (verbal or physical) facilitate the acquisition of a new behavior. The gradual removal of a prompt is referred to as _____________.
- Prompts
- Fading
_____________________ involves reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior; that is, providing reinforcement only for behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired one.
Shaping.
Skinner referred to the sequence of discriminative stimulus-behavior-consequence as the “three-term contingency” and claimed that it accounts for the acquisition of most complex behaviors, including “_________________” which consist of a number of distinct responses. The establishment of this behavior sequence is referred to as ________________.
- Behavior chains
- Chaining
________________________: A high probability behavior is used to reinforce a low probability behavior.
Premack Principle.
________________________: Combines positive reinforcement with extinction and involves reinforcing alternative behaviors while ignoring the target behavior.
Differential Reinforcement.
Types of Differential Reinforcement:
- DRI: ____________________________
- DRA: ___________________________
- DRO: ___________________________
- Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors
- Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors
- Differential reinforcement of other behaviors
The effectiveness of punishment is influenced by ___ identified factors.
6.
________________: The sooner a punishment is administered, the more successful it will be. Ideally, punishment should be applied at the onset of the behavior; that is, at the beginning of the behavior chain.
Immediacy.
______________________: To be successful, punishment must be applied on a continuous schedule; i.e., it should follow each performance of the target behavior.
Consistency.
_____________________: Punishment is usually most effective when it is initially applied in moderation. When punishment is too strong, it’s more likely to produce avoidance, aggression, and other undesirable behaviors. Initially administering punishment in a weak form and then gradually increasing its intensity increases the likelihood of _________________, which occurs when a punishment loses its effectiveness.
- Intensity
- Habituation
________________________: The effectiveness of punishment is maximized when the contingent relationship between the target behavior and the punishment is verbally clarified.
Verbal clarification.
____________________________________: Punishment works best when all stimuli that previously reinforced the behavior are identified and consistently withheld at the same time the behavior is being punished.
Removal of all positive reinforcement.
__________________________: Because punishment only teaches a person what not to do, its effectiveness increases substantially when it’s combined with reinforcement for alternative behaviors.
Reinforcement for alternative behaviors.
In terms of practical considerations, it’s important to keep in mind that punishment ____________ actually eliminate a behavior, but merely ______________ it.
- Does not
- Suppresses
_________________: Saying “no” or “stop!” are used to suppress unwanted behaivors in a variety of settings. Their effects are inconsistent, and in some situations, act as positive reinforcers and actually increase the target behavior. Effects are likely to be temporary.
Verbal reprimands.
_____________________________: A form of positive punishment that entails applying a penalty following an undesirable behavior in order to eliminate it. It may involve one or both of the following procedures:
- _________________: Involves having the individual correct any negative effects of his or her behavior;
- _________________: Requires the person to practice more appropriate behaviors, usually in an exaggerated fashion.
- Overcorrection
- Restitution
- Positive practice
______________________: Involves requiring the individual to deliberately repeat the undesirable behavior to the point that it becomes aversive to the individual or the individual becomes fatigued.
Negative practice.
____________________: An application of negative punishment, it involves removing a specific reinforcer each time the target behavior is performed.
Response cost.
