Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions

Question 1

Ellis’ __________________________ conceptualizes emotions and behaviors in terms of a chain of events - A-B-C - where A is the external (activating) event; B is the belief the individual has about A; and C is the emotion or behavior that results from B.

Answer 1

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Question 2

According to Ellis, the primary cause of neurosis is the ___________________ of certain common irrational beliefs (e.g., that it’s necessary to be loved by everyone; one should be thoroughly competent, intelligent, and achieving in all respects).

Answer 2

Continual repetition.

Question 3

As defined by Ellis, irrational beliefs are the result of certain _____________________ that include negativism, moodiness, and excitement-seeking, and that interfere with the ability to think productively and rationally.

Answer 3

Biological tendencies.

Question 4

In REBT, two more events - D and E - are added to the ABC chain:

• D: The therapist’s attempt to _____________________ the individual’s irrational beliefs,
• E: The alternative thoughts and beliefs that result from D.

Answer 4

Dispute and alter.

Question 5

Beck’s cognitive therapy, also referred to as cognitive-behavioral therapy, was originally developed as a treatment for ______________.

Answer 5

Depression.

Question 6

Targets of CT include:

• Cognitive _____________
• _____________ Thoughts
• Cognitive _____________
• Cognitive Profile

Answer 6

• Schemas
• Automatic
• Distortions

Question 7

CT relies on _____________________, which involves developing a collaborative therapist-client relationship and gathering evidenceto test hypotheses about the client’s beliefs and assumptions.

Answer 7

Collaborative empiricism.

Question 8

REBT, CT, and other cognitive therapies use ______________________ to address disturbances in thinking.

Answer 8

Cognitive restructuring techniques.

Question 9

___________________________: Meichenbaum and Goodman (1971) originally used this to help impulsive and hyperactive children perform academic and other tasks by teaching them to interpret adaptive, self-controlling thoughts between a stimulus situation and their response to that situation.

Answer 9

Self-instructional Training (SIT).

Question 10

SIT incorporates the work of ___________ and ____________, who proposed that true voluntary behavior does not occur until there is a shift from external to internal language control, as well as Bandura’s work on observational learning.

Answer 10

• Vygotsky
• Luria

Question 11

SIT involves ___ steps.

Answer 11

5.

Question 12

____________________: The client ovserves a model perform the task while the model makes self-statements aloud. Self-statements include questions about the nature of the task, answers to those questions, specific instructions on how to do the task, and self-reinforcement.

Answer 12

Cognitive modeling.

Question 13

____________________________: The client performs the task as the model verbalizes the instructions.

Answer 13

Cognitive participant modeling.

Question 14

______________________: The client performs the task while instructing him- or herself aloud.

Answer 14

Overt self-instruction.

Question 15

_________________________: The client whispers the instructions while carrying out the task.

Answer 15

Fading overt self-instruction.

Question 16

________________________: The client performs the task while saying the instructions covertly.

Answer 16

Covert self-instruction.

Question 17

___________________: Entails eliminating obsessive ruminations, self-criticism, depressive or anxiety-arousing ideas, and other unwanted or unproductive thoughts by using such techniques as covertly yelling “stop, stop, stop!” or snapping a rubber band placed around the wrist whenever unwanted thoughts occur.

Answer 17

Thought stopping.

Bonus: This is often combined with covert assertion, which involves making alternative assertive self-statements following thought stopping.

Question 18

________________________: Focuses on altering the individual’s perceptions of the causes of his or her problematic behavior and has been successfully used to treat depression, anxiety, alcoholism, and several other disorders, as well as to improve the academic performance of underachieving students. Its goal is to help clients attribute their failures to external, unstable, and specific factors and successes to internal, stable, and global factors.

Answer 18

Attribution retraining.

Question 19

Stress Inoculation involves ___ phases.

Answer 19

3.

Question 20

Stress Inoculation - ___________________ Phase: Primarily educational, it involves helping the clinet understand his or her behavioral and cognitive responses to stressful situations.

Answer 20

Cognitive Preparation Phase (Conceptualization Phase).

Question 21

Stress Inoculation - __________________ Phase: The client learns and rehearses a variety of coping skills; specific interventions include direct-action techniques (e.g., relaxation) and cognitive techniques (e.g., replacing negative self-statements with coping self-statements).

Answer 21

Skills Acquisition and Rehearsal Phase.

Question 22

Stress Inoculation - ________________ Phase: The client applies the coping skills he or she has acquired to imagined, filmed, and in vivo stress-producing situations.

Answer 22

Final Application and Follow-through Phase.

Question 23

__________________ Therapy was originally described by D’Zurilla and Goldfried (1971) and has been updated several times; it’s most recent version proposes that problem-solving outcomes are determined primarily by two factors - problem orientation and problem-solving style.

Answer 23

Problem-Solving Therapy.

Question 24

_________________ refers to relatively stable cognitive schemas that can be either positive or negative nad that represent the person’s views about problems and his/her ability to successfully solve them.

Answer 24

Problem orientation.

Question 25

_____________________ refers to the activities the individual engages in when solving problems.

Answer 25

Problem-solving style.

Question 26

Rehm’s (1977) _______________________ is a brief form of therapy that is usually conducted as group therapy. It’s based on the assumption that deficits in three aspects of self-control increase a person’s vulnerability to depression and make it difficult to deal effectively with depressive symptoms.

Answer 26

Self-control Therapy.

Question 27

Self-Control Therapy - _____________________: Depressed people selectively attend to negative events and to the immediate (versus delayed) consequences of their behavior.

Answer 27

Self-monitoring.

Question 28

Self-Control Therapy - ____________________: People who are depressed make inaccurate internal attributions and compare their behavior to standards that are excessively rigid and perfectionistic.

Answer 28

Self-evaluation.

Question 29

Self-Control Therapy - ___________________: Depressed individuals engage in low rates of self-reward and high rates of self-punishment.

Answer 29

Self-reinforcement.

Question 30

Lewinsohn’s (1974) __________________ attributes depression to a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcement stimuli in the environment and/or the individual’s lack of skill in obtaining reinforcement.

Answer 30

Behavioral model.

Question 31

The ___________________ procedures encompass a variety of techniques that emphasize the client’s responsibility for modifying his or her own behavior.

Answer 31

Self-management.

Question 32

Self-Management - ____________________: This is a common initial procedure in self-management and involves having the client record information about the frequency and conditions surrounding the target behavior.

Answer 32

Self-monitoring.

Question 33

Self-Management - __________________: Behavior is said to be under this when its performance is contingent on the presence of certain stimuli. The techniques are designed to alter the associations between stimuli and the behavior and/or its consequences:

a) ________________: Involves restricitng the target behavior to a limited set of stimuli (e.g., eating only at mealtimes)
b) ________________: Entails linking behavior to specific environmental conditions (e.g., studying in one spot at home)
c) ________________: Consists of changing the stimulus conditions associated with the behavior (e.g., replacing the fetish object with a more appropriate stimulus)

Answer 33

• Stimulus control
• Narrowing
• Cue strengthening
• Fading

Question 34

Self-Management - _____________________: The target is usually a physiological response that is considered involuntary; the client is connected to an apparatus that provides immediatea nd continuous performance feedback about the target response. The client learns to modify his/her own behavior.

Answer 34

Biofeedback.

Question 35

Thermal (skin-temperature) biofeedback has been identified as an effective treatment for _____________________, which is characterized by a decrease in blood supply to the fingers and toes.

Answer 35

Raynaud’s disease.

Question 36

Pelvic muscle (EMG) biofeedback has been successfully used to treat certain types of ______________________.

Answer 36

Urinary and fecal incontinence.

Question 37

A combination of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training (a relaxation technique) has been found to be the best approach for _______________________.

Answer 37

Migraine headaches.