Cognitive Learning Theories Flashcards
The key characteristics of the learning theories classified as cognitive are their stress on the ______________________ that occur during learning and their rejection of the notion that ___________________ is a necessary condition for learning to occur.
- Internal thought processes
- External reinforcement
_________________ proposed that learning often takes place without being manifested in performance improvements - i.e., learning can be latent.
Tolman.
Tolman’s experiments with 3 groups of rats and a maze supported his assertion that the rats who were not reinforced until the 11th day had formed __________________ without being reinforced for doing so, and that while reinforcment may be an important factor in the ________________ of a response, it was not necessary for the learning of that response.
- Cognitive maps
- Performance
____________________ includes a model of learning that incorporates the role of internal cognitive processes, and this model was the basis for a series of studies conducted by ______________ (1925) with chimpanzees.
- Gestalt psychology
- Kohler
Kohler argued that ________________________ reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the perceptual field (environment) that enhances the organism’s ability to achieve its goals.
Insight learning.
Bandura’s (1986) theory of observational learning is also known as ______________________ and _____________________.
- Social learning theory
- Social cognitive theory
Observational Learning Theory proposes that most complex human behaviors are learned by ________________________ and that observational learning is useful not only for teaching new behaviors but also for enhancing or inhibiting existing ones.
Observing another person perform those behaviors.
Bandura’s studies of children watching adults model aggressive/non-aggressive behaviors towards an inflatable clown doll (“Bobo”) found that:
a) Boys were more likely to imitate a ____________ model while girls were more likely to imitate a ____________ model
b) Boys and girls imitated verbally aggressive behaviors of the model to a similar degree, but ____________ were more likely than __________ to imitate physically aggressive behaviors
c) Providing _______________ for imitating the aggressive model reduced the gender difference in the imitation of the physically aggressive behaviors
- Male/Female
- Boys/Girls
- Incentives
Based on the results of his research, Bandura concluded that observational learning reflects an alteration in cognition that involves ___ processes.
4.
___________________: The learner attends to and accurately perceives the modeled behavior.
Attentional Processes.
____________________: The learner symbolically processes the modeled behavior in memory via visual imagery or verbal coding. Retention is maximized through cognitive rehearsal.
Retention Processes.
_____________________: The learner must be able to accurately reproduce and rehearse the modeled behavior. Production is enhanced through practice and performance feedback.
Production Processes.
_______________________: While learning can occur without reinforcement, performance requires motivation. Motivation is enhanced when the learner is reinforced, but reinforcement may be either internal (self-reinforcement), vicarious, or external.
Motivational Processes.
Model Characteristics - Research has found that observers are more likely to imitate a model when:
a) The model is high in _______/_________ or expertise
b) The model is ___________ to the observer
c) The model’s behavior is visible, salient, and relevant to the observer’s needs and goals
d) The model has been reinforced for engaging in the behavior (referred to as _________________)
- Status/prestige
- Similar
- Vicarious reinforcement
Bandura’s research also found that modeling is most effective when combined with ____________________; this procedure is known as participant modeling and consists of having the learner observe the model perform the behavior and then perform the behavior him/herself with the assistance from the model.
Guided Participation.
