Internationalism

Question 1

others imagine a system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states, particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and peoples, This desire is called

Answer 1

internationalism

Question 2

Internationalism comes in different forms, but the principle may be divided into two broad categories:

Answer 2

liberal internationalism
socialist internationalism

Question 3

The first major thinker of liberal internationalism was the late 18th century German philosopher

Answer 3

Immanuel Kant

Question 4

likened states in a global system to people living in a given territory. If people living together require a government to prevent lawlessness, shouldn’t that same principle be applied to states?

Answer 4

Kant

Question 5

Without a form of world government, he argued, the international system would be chaotic. Therefore, states, like citizens of countries, must give up some freedoms and “establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world.”

Answer 5

Kant

Question 6

imagined a form of global government.

Answer 6

Kant

Question 7

Writing in the late 18th century as well, British philosopher_________advocated the creation of “international law” that would govern the inter-state relations.

Answer 7

Jeremy Bentham

Question 8

Writing in the late 18th century as well, British philosopher_______ advocated the creation of “international law” that would govern the inter-state relations.

Answer 8

Jeremy Bentham

Question 9

(who coined the word “international “in 1780),

Answer 9

Jeremy Bentham

Question 10

believed that objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation that would create “the greatest happiness of all nations taken together.”

Answer 10

Bentham

Question 11

To many, these proposals for global government and international law seemed to represent challenges to states. Would not a world government, in effect, become supreme? And would not its laws overwhelm the sovereignty of individual states?

Answer 11

Jeremy Bentham

Question 12

The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism was the 19th century Italian patriot

Answer 12

Giuseppe Mazzini

Question 13

was both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking mini-states and a major critic of the Metternich system.

Answer 13

Mazzini

Question 14

He believed in a Republican government (without kings, queens, and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with each other to create an international system

Answer 14

Mazzini

Question 15

For him, a free, independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system.

Answer 15

Mazzini

Question 16

He argued that if the various Italian mini-states could unify, one could scale up the system to create, for example, a United States of Europe.

Answer 16

Mazzini

Question 17

was a nationalist internationalist, who believed that free, unified nation-states should be the basis of global cooperation.

Answer 17

Mazzini

Question 18

Mazzini influenced the thinking of United States president (1913-1921)______, who became one of the 20th century’s most prominent internationalists.

Answer 18

Woodrow Wilson

Question 19

_______saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism.

Because of his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of self- determination-the belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free, and sovereign government.

Answer 19

Wilson

Question 20

, became the most notable advocate for the creation of the League of Nations

Answer 20

Wilson

Question 21

At the end of World War I in 1918, he pushed to transform the League into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war.

For his efforts,______ was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.

Answer 21

Wilson

Question 22

The—— came into being that same year (1918).

Ironically and unfortunately for Wilson, the United States was not able to join the organization due to strong opposition from the Senate.

Answer 22

League

Question 23

The____ was also unable to hinder another war from breaking out. It was practically helpless to prevent the onset and intensification of World War II.

Answer 23

League

Question 24

On one side of the war were the Axis Powers- Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy, and Hirohito’s Japanwho were_________ that had an instinctive disdain for internationalism and preferred to violently impose their dominance over other nations.

Answer 24

ultra-nationalists

Question 25

It was in the midst of this war between the Axis Powers and the Allied Powers (composed of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Holland, and Belgium) that_____ would be eclipsed

Answer 25

internationalism

Question 26

gave birth to some of the more task-specific international organizations that are still around until today, the most popular of which are the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organizatio (ILO).

Answer 26

League

Question 27

The_____ was the concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism

Answer 27

League

Question 28

From_____, it emphasized the need to form common international principles.

Answer 28

Kant

Question 29

From_____, it enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect among nation-states.

Answer 29

Mazzini

Question 30

From_____, it called for democracy and self-determination.

Answer 30

Wilson

Question 31

One of Mazzini’s biggest critics was German socialist philosopher_______ who was also an internationalist, but who differed from the former because he did not believe in nationalism.

Answer 31

Karl Marx

Question 32

placed a premium on economic equality; he did not divide the world into countries, but into classes. The capitalist class referred to the owners of factories, companies, and other “means of production.” In contrast, the proletariat class included those who did not own the means of production, but instead, worked for the capitalists.

Answer 32

Marx

Question 33

Marx and his co-author,______, believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat “had no nation.” Hence, their now- famous battle cry, “Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains.”

Answer 33

Marx

Friedrich Engels

Question 34

opposed nationalism because they believed it prevented the unification of the world’s workers. Instead of identifying with other workers, nationalism could make workers in individual countries identify with the capitalists of their countries

Answer 34

Karl Marx

Question 35

He believed that any true form of internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in domestic concerns instead of global ones

Answer 35

Karl Marx

Question 36

They opposed nationalism because they believed it prevented the unification of the world’s workers. Instead of identifying with other workers, nationalism could make workers in individual countries identify with the capitalists of their countries

Answer 36

Karl Marx

Question 37

died in 1883, but his followers soon sought to make his vision concrete by establishing their international organization

Answer 37

Marx

Question 38

The _______was a union of European socialist and labor parties established in Paris in 1889

Answer 38

Socialist International (SI)

Question 39

Although short- lived, the SI’s achievements included the declaration of______ as Labor Day and the creation of an International Women’s Day. Most importantly, it initiated the successful campaign for an 8-hour workday.

Answer 39

May 1

Question 40

The____ collapsed during World War I as the member parties refused or were unable to join the internationalist efforts to fight for the war. Many of these sister parties even ended up fighting each other. It was a confirmation of Marx’s warning: when workers and their organizations take the side of their countries instead of each other, their long-term interests are compromised

Answer 40

SI

Question 41

As the SI collapsed, a more radical version emerged.

In the so-called Russian Revolution of 1917, Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and replaced by a revolutionary government led by the Bolshevik Party, and its leader,_______.

Answer 41

Vladimir Lenin

Question 42

This new state was called the ____Unlike the majority of the member parties of the SI, the Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power for the working class through elections

Answer 42

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR.

Question 43

they exhorted the revolutionary “vanguard” parties to lead the revolutions across the world, using methods of terror in necessary.

Answer 43

USSR

Question 44

USSR

Today, parties like this are referred to as

Answer 44

Communist parties

Question 45

Vladimir Lenin founded the_______ to spread socialist revolutions across the world.

Answer 45

Comintern

Question 46

Lenin established the_____ in 1919. The _____ served as the central body for directing Communist parties all over the world.

Answer 46

Communist International (Comintern)

Question 47

This International was not only more radical than the Socialist International, it was also less democratic because it followed closely the top-down governance of the Bolsheviks.

Answer 47

Comintern

Question 48

Many of the world’s states feared the____, believing that it was working in secret to stir up revolutions in their countries（which was true).

A problem arose during World War II when the Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941.

Answer 48

Comintern

Question 49

● The United States and the United Kingdom would, of course, not trust the Soviet Union in their fight against Hitler’s Germany.

These countries wondered if the Soviet Union was trying to promote revolutions in their backyards.

To appease his allies, Lenin’s successor,______, dissolved the Comintern in 1943

Answer 49

Joseph Stalin

Question 50

After the war, however,_____ re-established the Comintern as the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform).

Answer 50

Stalin

Question 51

With the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in____, whatever existing thoughts about communist internationalism also practically disappeared

Answer 51

1991

Question 52

For the postwar period, however,_____ would once again be ascendant. And the best evidence of this is the rise of the United Nations as the center of global governance.

Answer 52

liberal internationalism