Globalization Of Religion Flashcards
______societies, where religious affiliation and engagement are declining
Western
_____societies, where religions guide politics and all other aspects of life, including extreme cases in which groups would incite violence in the name of religious beliefs
non-Western
(2006) defined religion in the context of international relations into two distinct but related meanings
Haynes
In its spiritual sense, Haynes refers to religion in three ways:
1) it involves the concept of_____, referring to supernatural realities;
2) it relates to______ and a system of practice and language that is organized and defined as such; and
3) it concerns_____, on how “it relates people to the ultimate conditions of existence.”
transcendence
sacredness or holiness
ultimacy
he claims that religious beliefs can motivate individuals and groups to mobilize collectively to achieve political goals and, as a result, suppress mass actions as a tool of repression
Haynes
two main and broad arguments about the state of religion in the context of globalization.
Secularization paradigm
Religious resurgence
____, which holds that religion has lost some of its influence as a result of modernization
secularization paradigm
________, which holds that modernization has caused a backlash and urged society to seek refuge in religion as a result of the imposition of liberal and Western values that are incompatible with people’s culture, beliefs, and identity.
religious resurgence thesis
Resurgence of religion in the context of globalization is the main proponent of
Samuel Huntington
Acc to… “a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred thingsthat is to say, things set apart and forbidden; beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church all those who adhere to them.”
Karen Field
Emilé Durkheim’s
Field went on to explain the three key components of this definition.
“observable phenomenon”
well-organized and wellordered system
moral community
_______, a psychologist who studies religion and psychological well-being, defined religion as a process, a search for significance in ways related to the sacred, distinguishing it from spirituality, which is a search for the sacred
Kenneth Pargament
_______is the most important function of religion, according to Pargament
Spirituality
Some people join a religion for
Sake of affiliation
religious coping
Psychological shield
Spiritual experience
promotes self-control and moral behavior
can be defined as the enforcement of secularism—a philosophical viewpoint oriented toward the need for a secular life beyond one’s religious life.
Secularization
e began by emphasizing the divide between religion and the social sciences.
He also emphasized how, over the last century, the focus of social sciences has been secularization—the hypothesized demise of religion and its value in societies, manifested, for example, in the separation of church and state.
Victor Roudometof
(1999) has discussed in detail why the secularization hypothesis —suggesting that the demise of religion will occur alongside the rise of modernization—
does not hold up as a sound sociological hypothesis, citing evidence that there has not been a significant change in people’s religious beliefs and commitments over centuries.
Stark
According to Roudometof (2014), there are two distinct perspectives on secularization in modern times:
(1) the concept of post-secularity or the return of religious consciousness in the public sphere;
(2) religious modernity, where secularization is an active process emerging from social action.
is one of the consequences and promoters of globalization. As people allow ideas to flow in and out of geographical spaces, we bring our beliefs, values, and traditions with us.
Cultural diversity
refers to the phenomenon in which a small group of people with a common identity maintain their cultural practices as long as they conform to the norms of the larger society.
Cultural pluralism
_________in the context of religion necessitates a certain level of religious tolerance allowing others to follow their own religious practices and beliefs, such as agreeing to the establishment of places of worship.
Cultural pluralism
________is essential for fostering community peace (Firdaus, 2018).
A study of university students discovered that______ are more tolerant when they understand how religious tolerance is a part of their religious beliefs and when they are allowed to appreciate the entire spectrum of their religious tradition rather than “being religious exclusively with a legal-style ideology”
Religious tolerance
adolescents
________is defined by Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1992) as
“the belief that there is one set of religious teachings that clearly contains the fundamental, basic, intrinsic, essential, inerrant truth about humanity and deity;
that this essential truth is fundamentally opposed by forces of evil that must be vigorously fought;
that this truth must be followed today according to the fundamental, unchangeable practices of the past;
and that those who believe and practice this truth must be punished.”
Religious fundamentalism
Religious fundamentalism, according to Ylmaz (2006), manifests itself in two ways:
nonviolent intolerance
violent intolerance
T or F
not all forms of religious fundamentalism cause physical harm, but that both forms involve “exaggerated in-group centrality and discrimination of out-groups” (p.3), both of which are manifestations of intolerance.
True
Roudometof (2013, 2014) proposed four types of glocalization in the age of globalization:
(1) vernacularization
(2) indigenization
(3) nationalization
(4) transnationalization
Linking “religious universalism with vernacular language”
sacred practices remain to be tied to particular sacred language
e.g., Arabic to Islam
Vernacularization
Linking “religious universalism with vernacular language”
sacred practices remain to be tied to particular sacred language
e.g., Arabic to Islam
Vernacularization
Linking “religious universalism with local particularism”
religious practices are blended with indigenous practices
e.g., African traditional forms meet Christianity
Indigenization
Linking “universal religion and local, national particularism”
Emergence of local religions tied with universal religions
E.g. Church of England
Nationalization
Absorption of a universal religion into one’s own culture, naturalization of religion
Allegiance to global religious community
E.g. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant among Americans
Transnationalization
