Globalization Of Religion

Question 1

______societies, where religious affiliation and engagement are declining

Answer 1

Western

Question 2

_____societies, where religions guide politics and all other aspects of life, including extreme cases in which groups would incite violence in the name of religious beliefs

Answer 2

non-Western

Question 3

(2006) defined religion in the context of international relations into two distinct but related meanings

Answer 3

Haynes

Question 4

In its spiritual sense, Haynes refers to religion in three ways:

1) it involves the concept of_____, referring to supernatural realities;

2) it relates to______ and a system of practice and language that is organized and defined as such; and

3) it concerns_____, on how “it relates people to the ultimate conditions of existence.”

Answer 4

transcendence

sacredness or holiness

ultimacy

Question 5

he claims that religious beliefs can motivate individuals and groups to mobilize collectively to achieve political goals and, as a result, suppress mass actions as a tool of repression

Answer 5

Haynes

Question 6

two main and broad arguments about the state of religion in the context of globalization.

Answer 6

Secularization paradigm
Religious resurgence

Question 7

____, which holds that religion has lost some of its influence as a result of modernization

Answer 7

secularization paradigm

Question 8

________, which holds that modernization has caused a backlash and urged society to seek refuge in religion as a result of the imposition of liberal and Western values that are incompatible with people’s culture, beliefs, and identity.

Answer 8

religious resurgence thesis

Question 9

Resurgence of religion in the context of globalization is the main proponent of

Answer 9

Samuel Huntington

Question 10

Acc to… “a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred thingsthat is to say, things set apart and forbidden; beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church all those who adhere to them.”

Answer 10

Karen Field

Emilé Durkheim’s

Question 11

Field went on to explain the three key components of this definition.

Answer 11

“observable phenomenon”

well-organized and wellordered system

moral community

Question 12

_______, a psychologist who studies religion and psychological well-being, defined religion as a process, a search for significance in ways related to the sacred, distinguishing it from spirituality, which is a search for the sacred

Answer 12

Kenneth Pargament

Question 13

_______is the most important function of religion, according to Pargament

Answer 13

Spirituality

Question 14

Some people join a religion for

Answer 14

Sake of affiliation
religious coping
Psychological shield
Spiritual experience
promotes self-control and moral behavior

Question 15

can be defined as the enforcement of secularism—a philosophical viewpoint oriented toward the need for a secular life beyond one’s religious life.

Answer 15

Secularization

Question 16

e began by emphasizing the divide between religion and the social sciences.

He also emphasized how, over the last century, the focus of social sciences has been secularization—the hypothesized demise of religion and its value in societies, manifested, for example, in the separation of church and state.

Answer 16

Victor Roudometof

Question 17

(1999) has discussed in detail why the secularization hypothesis —suggesting that the demise of religion will occur alongside the rise of modernization—

does not hold up as a sound sociological hypothesis, citing evidence that there has not been a significant change in people’s religious beliefs and commitments over centuries.

Answer 17

Stark

Question 18

According to Roudometof (2014), there are two distinct perspectives on secularization in modern times:

Answer 18

(1) the concept of post-secularity or the return of religious consciousness in the public sphere;

(2) religious modernity, where secularization is an active process emerging from social action.

Question 19

is one of the consequences and promoters of globalization. As people allow ideas to flow in and out of geographical spaces, we bring our beliefs, values, and traditions with us.

Answer 19

Cultural diversity

Question 20

refers to the phenomenon in which a small group of people with a common identity maintain their cultural practices as long as they conform to the norms of the larger society.

Answer 20

Cultural pluralism

Question 21

_________in the context of religion necessitates a certain level of religious tolerance allowing others to follow their own religious practices and beliefs, such as agreeing to the establishment of places of worship.

Answer 21

Cultural pluralism

Question 22

________is essential for fostering community peace (Firdaus, 2018).

A study of university students discovered that______ are more tolerant when they understand how religious tolerance is a part of their religious beliefs and when they are allowed to appreciate the entire spectrum of their religious tradition rather than “being religious exclusively with a legal-style ideology”

Answer 22

Religious tolerance

adolescents

Question 23

________is defined by Altemeyer and Hunsberger (1992) as

“the belief that there is one set of religious teachings that clearly contains the fundamental, basic, intrinsic, essential, inerrant truth about humanity and deity;

that this essential truth is fundamentally opposed by forces of evil that must be vigorously fought;

that this truth must be followed today according to the fundamental, unchangeable practices of the past;

and that those who believe and practice this truth must be punished.”

Answer 23

Religious fundamentalism

Question 24

Religious fundamentalism, according to Ylmaz (2006), manifests itself in two ways:

Answer 24

nonviolent intolerance
violent intolerance

Question 25

T or F

not all forms of religious fundamentalism cause physical harm, but that both forms involve “exaggerated in-group centrality and discrimination of out-groups” (p.3), both of which are manifestations of intolerance.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Roudometof (2013, 2014) proposed four types of glocalization in the age of globalization:

Answer 26

(1) vernacularization
(2) indigenization
(3) nationalization
(4) transnationalization

Question 27

Linking “religious universalism with vernacular language”

sacred practices remain to be tied to particular sacred language

e.g., Arabic to Islam

Answer 27

Vernacularization

Question 28

Linking “religious universalism with vernacular language”

sacred practices remain to be tied to particular sacred language

e.g., Arabic to Islam

Answer 28

Vernacularization

Question 29

Linking “religious universalism with local particularism”

religious practices are blended with indigenous practices

e.g., African traditional forms meet Christianity

Answer 29

Indigenization

Question 30

Linking “universal religion and local, national particularism”

Emergence of local religions tied with universal religions

E.g. Church of England

Answer 30

Nationalization

Question 31

Absorption of a universal religion into one’s own culture, naturalization of religion

Allegiance to global religious community

E.g. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant among Americans

Answer 31

Transnationalization