International Politics 2G - 3A Flashcards
(formal) to end with a particular result, or at a particular point; to develop until it reaches this point
[intransitive] to culminate (in/with sth.)
/ˈkʌlmɪneɪt/
- a gun battle which culminated in the death of two police officers*
- Months of hard work culminated in success.*
- Their summer tour will culminate at a spectacular concert in London.*
sth. that you allow or do, or allow sb. to have, in order to end an argument or to make a situation less difficult
[countable, uncount.] concession
/kənˈseʃn/
- The firm will be forced to make concessions if it wants to avoid a strike.*
- a major/an important concession*
- She made no concession to his age; she expected him to work as hard as she did.*
an official action that is done in order to achieve a particular aim
[countable] measure
/ˈmeʒə(r)/
- safety/security/austerity measures*
- a temporary/an emergency measure*
as a… measure. Police in riot gear were in attendance as a precautionary measure.
measure to do sth. We must take preventive measures to reduce crime in the area.
The government is introducing tougher measures to combat crime.
measure against sth. They are demanding harsher measures against racism.
to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc.
[intransitive] to recover
/rɪˈkʌvə(r)/
- She remains in serious condition, but is expected to recover.*
- The victim is recovering well at home.*
to recover from sth. He’s still recovering from his operation.
to reduce sth. or to become less in value, quality, etc.
opp.: ?
[transitive, intr.] to lower
/ˈləʊə(r)/
opp.: to raise
/reɪz/
Her voice lowered as she spoke.
to lower sth. This drug is used to lower blood pressure.
a proposal to lower the voting age to 16
to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from achieving sth.
to overcome sth.
/ˌəʊvəˈkʌm/
- He overcame a strong temptation to run away.*
- The two parties managed to overcome their differences on the issue.*
- She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.*
using peaceful methods, not force, to bring about political or social change
non-violent
/ˌnɒn ˈvaɪələnt/
- King was a worldwide symbol of non-violent protest against racial injustice.*
- I would only belong to an environmental movement if it was explicitly non-violent.*
- Gandhi was an exponent* (= une figure) of non-violent protest.
(disapproving) behaviour in which sb. pretends to have moral standards or opinions that they do not actually have
plural: ?
[countable, uncount.] hypocrisy
/hɪˈpɒkrəsi/
plural: hypocrisies
- He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another.*
- It’s hypocrisy for them to pretend that they were shocked at the news.*
- The play exposes the hypocrisy of the ruling elite.*
public or official ; following an agreed or official way of doing things
formal
/ˈfɔːml/
- to make a formal complaint/request*
- It is time to put these arrangements on a slightly more formal basis.*
- Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were re-established in December.*
an unusual or unexpected change in what is happening
[countable] turn
/tɜːn/
- a surprising turn of events*
- His health has taken a turn for the worse* (= suddenly got worse).
by turns. The book is, by turns, funny and very sad.
(formal) to point, show or establish the limits of sth., especially spatially
to demarcate (sth.)
/ˈdiːmɑːkeɪt/
- Plots of land have been demarcated by barbed wire.*
- A special U.N. commission was formed to demarcate the border.*
- The police demarcated the city into eighteen geographical divisions.*
many in number ; involving many different people or things
[only before noun] multiple
/ˈmʌltɪpl/
- The shape appears multiple times within each painting.*
- a story that works on multiple levels*
- a multiple birth* (= several babies born to a mother at one time)
to separate sth. into parts and divide them between different times or different people
[transitive] to spread
/spred/
to spread sth. Why not pay monthly and spread the cost of your car insurance?
to spread sth. (out) (over sth.) A series of five interviews will be spread over two days.
The course takes forty hours, spread over twenty weeks.
to spread sth. between sb./sth. We attempted to spread the workload between the departments.
to share sth. out among people in a different way
to redistribute
/ˌriːdɪˈstrɪbjuːt/
to redistribute sth. from sb./sth. to sb./sth. Wealth needs to be redistributed from the rich to the poor.
to redistribute sth. to sb./sth. a system that redistributes tax revenue to poorer regions
to redistribute sth. policies that redistribute resources in the rural economy
to redistribute sth. among sb. to redistribute land among small farmers
extremely large or great in size or degree
syn.: ?
immense
/ɪˈmens/
syn.: enormous
/ɪˈnɔːməs/
- There is still an immense amount of work to be done.*
- The benefits are immense.*
- To my immense relief, he didn’t notice my mistake.*
done according to an organized set of ideas or a plan, in a thorough, efficient or determined way
opp.: ?
[usually before noun] systematic
/ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/
opp.: unsystematic
/ˌʌnˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/
- a systematic approach to solving the problem*
- None of the studies were sufficiently systematic to give a reliable result.*
- the Holocaust, the systematic murder of approximately 6 million Jews by Germany and its allies*
to be the place, period, organization, etc. in which particular events take place
[transitive] to witness sth.
/ˈwɪtnəs/
- Recent years have witnessed a growing social mobility.*
- The retail trade is witnessing a sharp fall in sales.*
- The last century witnessed an unprecedented increase in violent crime.*
a person or thing that is as different as possible from sb./sth. else
[countable] opposite
/ˈɒpəzɪt/
- Hot and cold are opposites.*
- I thought she would be small and blonde but she’s the complete opposite.*
the opposite of sth. What is the opposite of heavy?
the opposite to sth. The effect was exactly the opposite to what he intended.
to increase rapidly in number or amount
syn.: ?
[intransitive] to proliferate
/prəˈlɪfəreɪt/
syn.: [trans., intr.] to multiply
/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/
- Books and articles on the subject have proliferated over the last year.*
- Time passed and animal life proliferated.*
- Computerised data bases are proliferating fast.*
interesting and unusual enough to attract attention
syn.: ?
striking
/ˈstraɪkɪŋ/
syn.: marked
/mɑːkt/
- The similarities between the two cases are striking.*
- What is immediately striking is how resourceful the children are.*
- In striking contrast to their brothers, the girls were both intelligent and charming.*
(formal) concerning sb./sth.
also: ?
in regard to sb./sth.
/ɪn rɪˈɡɑːd tu/
also: with regard to sb./sth.
/wɪð rɪˈɡɑːd tu/
in regard to. a country’s laws in regard to human rights
It will have to declare its intentions in regard to jobs and the location of work.
with regard to. The company’s position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts.
I am writing with regard to your recent order.
information, documents, etc. that show that sth. is true
syn.: ?
[countable, uncount.] proof
/pruːf/
syn.: [uncountable] evidence
/ˈevɪdəns/
- to require/need proof*
- The police suspected him of dealing drugs, but they didn’t have any proof.*
proof of sth. Can you provide any proof of identity?
These results are a further proof of his outstanding ability.
proof (that)… There is no proof that the knife belonged to her.
In criminal cases the burden of proof (= requirement to provide proof) is on the prosecution.
a person who watches and studies particular events, situations, etc. and is therefore considered to be an expert on them
observer
/əbˈzɜːvə(r)/
- an observer of the American cultural scene*
- To Western observers, their political system is strikingly different.*
- Some military observers fear the US could get entangled in another war.*
in a way that is suggested indirectly or understood, rather than said in words
tacitly
/ˈtæsɪtli/
- It was tacitly assumed that he would be promoted at the end of the year.*
- He tacitly admitted that the government had breached regulations.*
- The government has tacitly acknowledged its previous errors.*
(formal; physically) to force sb. to leave a place or position
syn.: ?
[transitive] to eject sb. (from sth…)
/iˈdʒekt/
syn.: to throw sb. out of (sth.)
/θrəʊ aʊt/
- Police ejected a number of violent protesters from the hall.*
- He was forcibly ejected from the restaurant.*
- They were summarily ejected by the security guard.*
(of a person) believing that sth. you want will happen
syn.: ?
opp.: ?
[not usually before noun] hopeful
/ˈhəʊpfl/
syn.: optimistic
/ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/
opp.: pessimistic
/ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/
hopeful (that…) I feel hopeful that we’ll find a suitable house very soon.
hopeful about sth. He is not very hopeful about the outcome of the interview.
(British English) hopeful of doing sth. She is hopeful of returning to work soon.
a belief that sth. will happen because it is likely
[uncountable, count.] expectation
/ˌekspekˈteɪʃn/
expectation of sth. We certainly had a reasonable expectation of success.
expectation about sth. the government’s expectations about the economy
expectation that… There was a general expectation that he would win.
The expectation is that property prices will rise.
in expectation of sth. Buyers are holding back in expectation of further price cuts.
in expectation. I applied for the post more in hope than expectation.
the return and growth of an activity that had stopped
[singular, uncountable] resurgence
/rɪˈsɜːdʒəns/
- a period of economic resurgence.*
- Police say criminals are behind the resurgence of violence.*
- The creation of independent states has led to a resurgence of nationalism.*
- a resurgence of interest in the artist’s work*
(formal ; of a state, country, etc.) to officially leave an organisation of states, countries, etc. and become independent
[intransitive] to secede (from sth.)
/sɪˈsiːd/
- The Republic of Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903.*
- Sectors of the Basque and Catalan populations would like to secede from Spain.*
- On 20 August 1960 Senegal seceded.*
to succeed in doing sth., especially sth. difficult
[transitive, intr.] to manage
/ˈmænɪdʒ/
- We couldn’t have managed without you.*
- In spite of his disappointment, he managed a weak smile.*
to manage to do sth. We managed to get to the airport in time.
an indirect and usually bad result of an action or event that may happen some time afterwards
syn.: ?
[usually plural] repercussion
/ˌriːpəˈkʌʃn/
syn.: consequence
/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
- These actions have potential repercussions.*
- Anne felt the repercussions of the earlier incident.*
- The collapse of the company will have repercussions for the whole industry.*
- The international repercussions are still being felt today.*
used to say that there is a change in sb.’s luck or in how successful they are being
to turn the tide
/tɜːn ðə taɪd/
- The tide turned for Nadal at the start of the second set.*
- This contract is probably our last chance to turn the tide.*
- She thought if she could convey that it might somehow make a difference, might even turn the tide of battle.*
(formal) to organise and/or do a particular activity
[transitive] to conduct sth.
/kənˈdʌkt/
- to conduct a test/trial*
- to conduct research/business*
- The battalion had been preparing to conduct operations in the same area.*
- The negotiations have been conducted in a positive manner.*
to the same degree; in the same or in a similar way
equally
/ˈiːkwəli/
- Diet and exercise are equally important.*
- This job could be done equally well by a computer.*
- Everyone should be treated equally.*
(formal) to return to a former state; to start doing sth. again that you used to do in the past
[phrasal verb] to revert to sth.
/rɪˈvɜːt tə/
- After her divorce she reverted to her maiden name.*
- His manner seems to have reverted to normal.*
- For a while the children behaved well but they soon reverted to type* (= returned to their usual ways).
different from what is regular or normal, that does not happen very often
syn.: ?
unusual
/ʌnˈjuːʒuəl/
syn.: uncommon
/ʌnˈkɒmən/
- The case is highly unusual.*
- Police then took the unusual step of publishing the names and pictures of the two suspects.*
it is unusual for sb./sth. to do sth. It is not unusual for college students to live at home (= it happens often).
It’s unusual for the trees to flower so early.
it is unusual to do sth. It was a bit unusual to see her up and about before nine in the morning.
not achieving what you want to achieve or getting the result you seek; not having any result
opp.: ?
ineffective
/ˌɪnɪˈfektɪv/
opp.: effective
/ɪˈfektɪv/
- The new drug was ineffective.*
- These policies have proved ineffective.*
- It has been criticised as an unfair and ineffective system.*
ineffective in doing sth. The law proved ineffective in dealing with the problem.
a sum of money that sb. owes
[countable] debt
/det/
- They had incurred debts* (= dettes contractées) of over $1 million.
- After settling his debts he was left with just £2000.*
- I need to pay off all my debts before I leave the country.*
the important facts, ideas or events that support sth. and that it can develop from
plural: ?
basis
/ˈbeɪsɪs/
plural: bases
/ˈbeɪsiːz/
The basis of a good marriage is trust.
basis for sth. This article will form the basis for our discussion.
as a/the basis for sth. These results will serve as a basis for more detailed research.
basis in sth. The theory seems to have no basis in fact.
to have an important effect on sb./sth.; to influence the way that sth. happens
[usually passive] to condition
/kənˈdɪʃn/
be conditioned (by sth.) Gender roles are often conditioned by cultural factors.
- National choices are conditioned by the international political economy.*
- We are all conditioned by early impressions and experiences.*
a country in western Asia, bordered to the NW by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the NE by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq.
also: ?
(officially) also: ?
capital: ?
Iran
/ɪˈrɑːn/
also: Persia
(officially) also: the Islamic Republic of Iran
capital: Tehran
Iran’s political system combines elements of a presidential democracy and an Islamic theocracy, with the ultimate authority vested in an autocratic “Supreme Leader”, a position held by Ali Khamenei since 1989.
