International Politics 2F - 2G Flashcards
a person who comes from a family of high social rank and has a title
syn.: ?
[countable] noble
/ˈnəʊbl/
syn.: aristocrat
/ˈærɪstəkræt/
- The cost of the arch was met by Milanese nobles.*
- The regime was supported by a group of powerful nobles.*
- More and more nobles made Moscow their home during Catherine’s reign.*
(formal) to have to obey or be loyal to sb. who is in a position of authority or power
to owe (allegiance/loyalty/obedience to)
/əʊ/
- All serfs owed allegiance to a lord.*
- Children owe duty and loyalty to their parents.*
- To whom do they owe obedience, first of all: to God or to men?*
to change sth. that is old or damaged and replace it with sth. recent of the same kind
to renew sth.
/rɪˈnjuː/
- Our bones normally renew themselves constantly.*
- The wiring in your house should be renewed every ten to fifteen years.*
- The paintwork will need renewing every five years.*
(formal) the principle in international law that each nation state is free to govern itself over its territory
syn.: ?
[uncountable] State sovereignty
/steɪt ˈsɒvrənti/
syn.: Westphalian sovereignty
/wes(t)ˈfālyən/
- State sovereignty is usually identified with the notion of the sovereignty of a people and nation.*
- The ‘right to war’ and the ‘right to peace’ are the strongest claims of state sovereignty.*
- The value of fundamental human rights was placed above the value of classic state sovereignty.*
to mention a person, a theory, an example, etc. to support your opinions or ideas, or as a reason for sth.
to invoke sb./sth.
/ɪnˈvəʊk/
- She invoked several eminent scholars to back up her argument.*
- He invoked memories of Britain’s near-disastrous disarmament in the 1930s.*
- Sometimes policy-makers invoke public health considerations as justification for laws, policies or practices that negatively affect human rights, such as liberty.*
(informal) a lucky thing that happens that you did not expect or think was possible
syn.: ?
[singular] miracle
/ˈmɪrəkl/
syn.: wonder
/ˈwʌndə(r)/
- an economic miracle*
- It would take a miracle to get the old car going again.*
- There is still no miracle cure for this condition.*
it is a miracle (that)… It’s a miracle (that) nobody was killed in the crash.
a secret plan made by a group of people to do sth. wrong or illegal
syn.: ?
[countable] plot
/plɒt/
syn.: conspiracy
/kənˈspɪrəsi/
He had been the victim of an elaborate murder plot.
plot to do sth. The rebels hatched a plot to overthrow the government.
plot against sb. Police uncovered a plot against the president.
the act of apprehending sb./sth. or of being taken
[uncountable] capture
/ˈkæptʃə(r)/
- This information led to the capture of the murderer.*
- the capture of enemy territory*
- He evaded capture for three days.*
- They narrowly escaped capture several times.*
to say that sth. that sb. else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true
to contradict
/ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/
to contradict sth. All evening her husband contradicted everything she said.
to contradict sb./yourself. You’ve just contradicted yourself (= said the opposite of what you said before).
to contradict sb. + speech ‘No, it’s not,’ she contradicted (him).
the policy or practice of not becoming involved in other people’s disagreements, especially those of foreign countries
syn.: ?
[uncountable] non-intervention
/ˌnɒn ɪntəˈvenʃn/
syn.: non-interference
/ˌnɒn ˌɪntəˈfɪərəns/
- a policy of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other countries*
- It is only when that cardinal principle of non-intervention is violated that international peace and security are threatened.*
to state sth. again in order to emphasize that it is still true
to reaffirm sth.
/ˌriːəˈfɜːm/
- The President reaffirmed his commitment to democratic elections.*
- He reaffirmed his commitment to the country’s economic reform programme.*
- The government has reaffirmed that it will take any steps necessary to maintain law and order.*
only one
single
/ˈsɪŋɡl/
- He sent her a single red rose.*
- the European single currency, the euro*
- All these jobs can now be done by one single machine.*
- a single-sex school* (= for boys only or for girls only)
(adj.) happening fairly often and regularly
(less frequent) also: ?
[usually before noun] periodic
/ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk/
(less frequent) also: periodical
/ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪkl/
Periodic checks are carried out on the equipment.
He makes periodic visits to all the shops which stock his products.
The committee undertakes periodic reviews of existing permitted additives and approves new ones.
forming a unit by itself; not joined to sth. else
separate
/ˈseprət/
- They have begun to sleep in separate rooms.*
- Write a list of names on a separate piece of paper.*
separate from sb/sth. Raw meat must be kept separate from cooked meat.
to start or create an organization, a system, etc. that is meant to last for a long time
syn.: ?
to establish sth.
/ɪˈstæblɪʃ/
syn.: to set up
/set ʌp/
- The committee was established in 1912.*
- The company established a base in Florida last year.*
- The new treaty establishes a free trade zone.*
(rather formal) to become smaller, fewer, weaker, etc.
[intransitive] to decline
/dɪˈklaɪn/
Support for the party continues to decline.
to decline by sth. The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year.
to decline in sth. The city declined in importance in the nineteenth century.
(formal) a sensible and careful attitude when you make judgements and decisions; behaviour that avoids unnecessary risks
opp.: ?
[uncountable] prudence
/ˈpruːdns/
(formal) opp.: imprudence
/ɪmˈpruːdns/
- Maybe you’ll exercise a little more financial prudence next time.*
- Western businessmen are showing remarkable prudence in investing in the region.*
- Everyone agreed that panic wasn’t called for, prudence was.*
(adv.) enough for a particular purpose; as much as you need
opp.: ?
sufficiently
/səˈfɪʃntli/
(formal) opp.: insufficiently
/ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃntli/
- The following day she felt sufficiently well to go to work.*
- She recovered sufficiently to accompany him on his tour of Africa.*
- By 1995, bald eagles had recovered sufficiently to be removed from the endangered list.*
a person from Turkey
[countable] Turk
/tɜːk/
- He is a Turk, a man of peace, condemned for speaking out about the Kurdish issue.*
- According to this Article, “everyone bound to the Turkish State through the bond of citizenship is a Turk”.*
- If a Kurd in Turkey said that he was a Turk, he had no problem and could even become a Minister.*
(usually approving) of many different types
varied
/ˈveərid/
- The opportunities the job offers are many and varied.*
- They offer a varied programme of entertainment.*
- a wide and varied selection of cheeses*
a person that is the single ruler of a group of countries or states
[countable] emperor
/ˈempərə(r)/
- the Roman emperors*
- the Emperor Napoleon*
- It was under the emperor Justinian that these advances were made.*
- It is the tomb of the first real emperor of China, Emperor Qin Shi Huang.*
(adv.) at the end of a period of time or a series of events
eventually
/ɪˈventʃuəli/
- Our flight eventually left five hours late.*
- I’ll get round to mending it eventually.*
- She hopes to get a job on the local newspaper and eventually work for ‘The Times’.*
(specialist) a society as a political unit
plural: ?
[countable] polity
/ˈpɒləti/
plural: polities
- Such institutions have special significance in a democratic polity.*
- The book offers an introduction to the distinctive nature of the British polity.*
- The role of religion in the American polity is complex.*
(adv.) to a smaller degree than other people or things of the same kind
lesser
/ˈlesə(r)/
one of the lesser-known Caribbean islands
having started
[not before noun] underway or under way
/ˌʌndəˈweɪ/
- Preparations are well under way for a week of special events in May.*
- An investigation is underway to find out how the disaster happened.*
- It was a cold evening, winter well underway.*
beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life
[plural] value(s)
/ˈvæljuː/
- a return to traditional values in education, such as firm discipline*
- We need to be guided by our moral values.*
- The school’s core values include the ability to work with others.*
(of two or more events) to take place at the same time
[intransitive] to coincide
/ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
It’s a pity our trips to New York don’t coincide.
to coincide with sth. The strike was timed to coincide with the party conference.
The singer’s arrival was timed to coincide with the opening of the festival.
an economic system in which a country’s businesses and industry are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by the government
[uncountable] capitalism
/ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm/
- the growth of industrial capitalism in the West*
- He predicted the fall of world capitalism.*
- She deplored unbridled capitalism as much as communism.*
too large or too small when compared with sth. else
(formal) compare to: ?
disproportionate (to sth.)
/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət/
(formal) compare to: proportionate (= increasing or decreasing according to changes in sth. else)
/prəˈpɔːʃənət/
- A disproportionate amount of time was devoted to one topic.*
- The area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families.*
- This sentence is totally disproportionate to the alleged offence*
to come next after sb./sth. and take their/its place or position
related noun: ?
syn.: ?
[transitive] to succeed (sth./sb.)
/səkˈsiːd/
related noun: succession
/səkˈseʃn/
syn.: to follow
/ˈfɒləʊ/
- Who succeeded Kennedy as President ?*
- Their early success was succeeded by a period of miserable failure.*
- Strands of DNA are reproduced through succeeding generations.*
(physics ; of a force) acting as a weight but not producing movement
opp.: ?
static
/ˈstætɪk/
opp.: dynamic
/daɪˈnæmɪk/
static pressure
to come together to form a single thing or group; to join two or more things or groups together to form a single one
[transitive, intr.] to combine
/kəmˈbaɪn/
to combine to do sth. Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
to combine with sth. (to do sth.) Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water.
to combine sth. Combine all the ingredients in a bowl.
to combine A with B. Combine the eggs with a little flour.
to combine A and B (together) Combine the eggs and the flour.
to combine sth. into sth. Small units, such as words, can be combined into larger units, such as clauses.
connected with the south-east
[only before noun] southeastern
/ˌsaʊθ ˈiːstən/
- The Ottoman Empire contained much of the parts of southeastern Europe (Bulgaria, Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Albania**).*
- Miami is on the southeastern edge of the United States.*
(formal) the ability or power to make decisions for yourself, especially the power of a nation to decide how it will be governed
(of a nation) syn.: ?
[uncountable] self-determination
/ˌself dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃn/
syn.: independence (movement)
/ˌɪndɪˈpendəns ˈmuːvmənt/
- All nations have the right to self-determination.*
- The territory is seeking political self-determination.*
- The doctrine of self-determination had profound effects in the Americas as well.*
(formal) belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else
syn.: ?
indigenous
/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
syn.: native
/ˈneɪtɪv/
- the indigenous peoples/languages of the area*
- Antarctica has no indigenous population.*
indigenous to… The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.
a particular example or case of sth.
[countable] instance
/ˈɪnstəns/
instance of sb./sth. The report highlights a number of instances of injustice.
instance of doing sth. He admitted two instances of taking money from the till.
instance of sb./sth. doing sth. There have been several instances of that happening.
in an instance. In most instances, there will be no need for further treatment.
instance in which… Students described many instances in which they had felt uncomfortable speaking in class.
instance where… This is one of the few instances where the director does not succeed.
connected with foreign countries, especially those separated from your country by the sea or ocean
compare to: ?
overseas
/ˌəʊvəˈsiːz/
compare to: home
/həʊm/
- The firm is expanding into overseas markets.*
- overseas development/trade*
- This was her first overseas trip as prime minister.*
the process of becoming much less strong or united and being gradually destroyed
[uncountable] disintegration
/dɪsˌɪntɪˈɡreɪʃn/
- the gradual disintegration of traditional values*
- This tendency was accentuated by the process of disintegration of the movement which accelerated over recent years.*
- After the disintegration of the Soviet bloc and the Warsaw Pact, the production of arms was reduced.*
a way of thinking or explaining sth.
[uncountable] logic
/ˈlɒdʒɪk/
- I fail to see the logic behind his argument.*
- The two parts of the plan were governed by the same logic.*
- In their faulty logic, this is a great injustice.*
(formal) to accept the authority, control or greater strength of sb./sth.; to agree to sth. because of this
(formal) syn.: ?
(less formal) syn.: ?
to submit
/səbˈmɪt/
(formal) syn.: to yield
/jiːld/
(less formal) syn.: to give in (to sb./sth.)
/ˈɡɪv ɪn/
submit to sb./sth. She refused to submit to threats.
They abandoned their town rather than submit to the Persians.
submit yourself to sb./sth. He submitted himself to a search by the guards.
