international migration as an example of global flow and benefits and costs of this Flashcards
flows
movement of people resources and culture
what do we call cities that are below alpha ++
alpha+ and alpha
what do we call cities that are the most integrated in global economy
Alpha++ e.g. london or nyc
Global hub
settlement or region that has become a focal point for activities with a global influence
how natural resources help global hubs develop
-coastline ideal for trade
-oil resources
-physical factors aid growth of industry e.g. minerals
how human resources help global hubs develop
-large labour force
-skilled labour
-affluence attracts service providers
-languages spoken e.g. english call centres in india
what are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be obviously dependant on world cities
sufficiency level cities e.g. Jerusalem
why has economic migration increased
-cheaper transport due to more airlines and budget carriers like air aisa
-increased technology so can call home and electronic banking to send remittances
what continent has most migrants as of 2020
Europe- around 87 million
what are high wage migrants
work in high paying roles e.g. finance tech or cooperate management
what are low wage migrants
work labour intensive jobs crucial for infrastructure and development
key issues with low wage migration (systems)
-The Kafala system
-ties migrant workers to employers, workers cannot change jobs or leave the country without employers permission
-makes vulnerable to exploitation
how to fix kafala system
-launch the labour reform initiative which allows workers to change jobs and leave country without employers consent under certain conditions
key issues with low wage migration (conditions)
-poor working and living conditions
-long hours in extreme heat, low wages, inadequate safety protections
-labour camps which diseases spread around (low skill migrant)
key issues with low wage migration (exploitation)
-wage exploitation
-unpaid or delayed wages, severely impact ability to support families
key issues with low wage migration (abuse)
-women migrant domestic workers work isolation
-physical abuse, sexual harassment, excessive working hours, difficult to report mistreatment
how to fix abuse with abuse in migration
-in 2017 the UAE passed domestic workers law which provides greater protections
issues with low wage migration (justice)
-limited access to justice
-barriers accessing legal recourse e.g. lack of knowledge of rights, language barriers, fear pf retribution from employer
why has the UAE experienced rapid economic growth
-construction boom e.g. burj Khalifa
-service sector growth expanded due to status as global business and travel hub
-domestic work, many affluent workers rely on foreign domestic workers which are predominantly Filipino women
source country/host country
source country: the home country for migrants
host country:the country migrant have travelled to
how many migrants missing due to deaths and dissapearances
-47,000 from 2014 to 2021
remitances in 2021
605 billion
benifits for migration in host country
-fills particular skills shortages e.g. indian doctors arriving in UK in 1950’s
-New markets can develop for ethnic food brining visible changes to urban environment
costs of migration for host country
-social tensions can arize if people think migration has lead to lack of jobs or affordable housing (adopted by UKIP and some newspapers)
-local shortages of primary school placements due to natural increase among a youthful community(london boroughs becoming eastern europe “hotspots”)
benefits for migration in source country
-migrant remitances can contribute to national earnings (2017, 28% of nepals earnings)
-migrants and their children may return, brining new skills (british aisains return to india to start health clubs and restaurants)
costs of migration for source country
-reduced economic growth as consumption falls
-closure of urban services and entertainment with a young adult market, bringing decline and dereliction to urban built environment (nightclubs closed in warsaw 2004)
how much money was remitancess sent back to developing countries projected to reach
-in 2023, project to reach over 620 billion
