international migration as an example of global flow and benefits and costs of this

Question 1

flows

Answer 1

movement of people resources and culture

Question 2

what do we call cities that are below alpha ++

Answer 2

alpha+ and alpha

Question 3

what do we call cities that are the most integrated in global economy

Answer 3

Alpha++ e.g. london or nyc

Question 4

Global hub

Answer 4

settlement or region that has become a focal point for activities with a global influence

Question 5

how natural resources help global hubs develop

Answer 5

-coastline ideal for trade
-oil resources
-physical factors aid growth of industry e.g. minerals

Question 6

how human resources help global hubs develop

Answer 6

-large labour force
-skilled labour
-affluence attracts service providers
-languages spoken e.g. english call centres in india

Question 7

what are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be obviously dependant on world cities

Answer 7

sufficiency level cities e.g. Jerusalem

Question 8

why has economic migration increased

Answer 8

-cheaper transport due to more airlines and budget carriers like air aisa
-increased technology so can call home and electronic banking to send remittances

Question 9

what continent has most migrants as of 2020

Answer 9

Europe- around 87 million

Question 10

what are high wage migrants

Answer 10

work in high paying roles e.g. finance tech or cooperate management

Question 11

what are low wage migrants

Answer 11

work labour intensive jobs crucial for infrastructure and development

Question 12

key issues with low wage migration (systems)

Answer 12

-The Kafala system
-ties migrant workers to employers, workers cannot change jobs or leave the country without employers permission
-makes vulnerable to exploitation

Question 13

how to fix kafala system

Answer 13

-launch the labour reform initiative which allows workers to change jobs and leave country without employers consent under certain conditions

Question 14

key issues with low wage migration (conditions)

Answer 14

-poor working and living conditions
-long hours in extreme heat, low wages, inadequate safety protections
-labour camps which diseases spread around (low skill migrant)

Question 15

key issues with low wage migration (exploitation)

Answer 15

-wage exploitation
-unpaid or delayed wages, severely impact ability to support families

Question 16

key issues with low wage migration (abuse)

Answer 16

-women migrant domestic workers work isolation
-physical abuse, sexual harassment, excessive working hours, difficult to report mistreatment

Question 17

how to fix abuse with abuse in migration

Answer 17

-in 2017 the UAE passed domestic workers law which provides greater protections

Question 18

issues with low wage migration (justice)

Answer 18

-limited access to justice
-barriers accessing legal recourse e.g. lack of knowledge of rights, language barriers, fear pf retribution from employer

Question 19

why has the UAE experienced rapid economic growth

Answer 19

-construction boom e.g. burj Khalifa
-service sector growth expanded due to status as global business and travel hub
-domestic work, many affluent workers rely on foreign domestic workers which are predominantly Filipino women

Question 20

source country/host country

Answer 20

source country: the home country for migrants
host country:the country migrant have travelled to

Question 21

how many migrants missing due to deaths and dissapearances

Answer 21

-47,000 from 2014 to 2021

Question 22

remitances in 2021

Answer 22

605 billion

Question 23

benifits for migration in host country

Answer 23

-fills particular skills shortages e.g. indian doctors arriving in UK in 1950’s
-New markets can develop for ethnic food brining visible changes to urban environment

Question 24

costs of migration for host country

Answer 24

-social tensions can arize if people think migration has lead to lack of jobs or affordable housing (adopted by UKIP and some newspapers)
-local shortages of primary school placements due to natural increase among a youthful community(london boroughs becoming eastern europe “hotspots”)

Question 25

benefits for migration in source country

Answer 25

-migrant remitances can contribute to national earnings (2017, 28% of nepals earnings)
-migrants and their children may return, brining new skills (british aisains return to india to start health clubs and restaurants)

Question 26

costs of migration for source country

Answer 26

-reduced economic growth as consumption falls
-closure of urban services and entertainment with a young adult market, bringing decline and dereliction to urban built environment (nightclubs closed in warsaw 2004)

Question 27

how much money was remitancess sent back to developing countries projected to reach

Answer 27

-in 2023, project to reach over 620 billion