International Developments 1924-28 Flashcards
Define foreign policy.
A government’s strategy for dealing with other countries.
Define Erfullungspolitik - Policy of Fulfilment.
Cooperating with France, Italy, USA and Britain in the hopes for further revision of the Treaty of Versailles.
What were Stresemann’s aims?
.Germany restored as an International power.
.Address land loss and Western/Eastern borders.
.Remove Rhineland and Ruhr troops.
.Disarmament address.
.Reduce/remove reparations.
What were Stresemann’s objectives to achieve his aims?
.Negotiating due to military power lack.
.Gain Western power confidence.
.Cooperate/economic aid - USA.
.Satisfy France’s security demand.
.USSR links to pressure West.
How did Stresemann achieve his aims?
.1924 - Dawes Plan.
.1925 - Locarno Pact.
.1926 - Treaty of Berlin.
.1926 - LoN entry.
.1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact.
.1929 - Young Plan.
What successes were there in The Dawes Plan 1924?
.Yearly reparation payments reduced until 1929.
.USA - 800 million mark loan.
.Helped economic recovery.
.Gain USA support.
What failures were there in The Dawes Plan 1924?
.Nationalists opposed reparation payments.
.Heavily economically reliant on US loans.
What successes were there in The Locarno Pact 1925?
.Belgium, France, Germany - Western Borders agreed.
.Troops out of Rhineland.
.Border conflict to LoN.
.Invasion/force only for self-defence.
.Poland/Czech treaties.
.France not invade if P/C/G conflict.
.Alsace-Lorraine/Eupen-Malmedy - B and F secure.
.Ruhr can’t be occupied.
.1926 - Zone 1 troops and IMCC withdrawn - Rhineland.
.Future Eastern border revision.
.1926 - Nobel Peace Prize.
.Seeckt - military training/paramilitary groups.
.USSR - rearmed them and wanted to destroy Poland.
What failures were there in The Locarno Pact 1925?
.Eastern borders not addressed.
.Refused to comply with disarmament.
.Rhineland withdraw postponed.
.IMCC established - F/B.
.Nationalists - given too much away - only French benefitted - still occupied, disarmed.
.No formal agreement to change the Treaty’s disarmament clauses.
What successes were there in The Treaty of Berlin, 1926?
.Renewed 1922 Treaty of Rapallo with USSR - secret and public clauses.
.Trade/diplomatic relations.
.Dropped claims for war damage compensation.
.Pilots/weapons in USSR.
.Non-aggression pact.
.ToR - against Poland - removed G’s isolation.
.Other powers still cooperated with G.
.Pressured the West.
.Eastern borders secure hope - USSR resist changes for G.
.Submarines(Spain), tanks/artlillery (Sweden).
.Not technologically behind.
.Polish corridor fortifications built.
What failures were there in The Treaty of Berlin 1926?
.Angered France.
.Seen as trying to get around disarmament.
.Some suspicion aroused.
.Added little to ToR.
.No fully operational air force.
.No unlimited supplies of modern weapons.
.Under ToV - German fortifications in Rhineland dismantled.
What successes were there in The League of Nations, 1926?
.Joined September 1926.
.Set up under ToV.
.Great power status on League Council.
.Veto power.
.Refrain from collective action against aggressive Nation if unrealistic due to military limitations.
.Formally acknowledged as a great power.
.Full, permanent council member.
.Weakened collective security.
.Mentioned G minorities in other states.
.Prestige/goodwill gained.
.Helped Treaty revision.
What failures were there in The League of Nations, 1926?
.Previously banned.
.Nationalists - didn’t want to join, League were enforcers of ToV.
What successes were there in The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928?
.1928 - F,USA,G.
.International agreement - renounce use of offensive wars to resolve disputes
.One of first to sign.
.70 others signed.
.Symbolic importance - avoid war.
What failures were there in The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928?
.Lack of enforcement mechanisms.
.Not too effective?
What successes were there in The Young Plan, 1929?
.Reduced reparations - 37,000 million marks.
.Removal of Allied forces in Rhineland.
.1929 - Zone 2.
.1930 - Zone 3.
.5 years earlier than the Treaty scheduled.
What failures were there in The Young Plan, 1929?
.Nationalists - reparations not fully removed.
.Major campaign - referendum with the constitution - not accept it.
.Only 14% voted to reject Plan.
.Hitler nationally known politician due to it.
.1930 - Nazi vote surge - unemployment and economy slump blamed on Plan.
.No real pressure exerted - few concessions achieved.
.Republic at home not strengthened.
.Pride/association with ToV hatred not fixed.
