Internal factors on social class differences

Question 1

Setting and Streaming

Answer 1

Streaming is where students are grouped by ability for all or most of their subjects
Setting is where students are grouped by ability for particular subjects

Question 2

Differentiation & Polarisation

Answer 2

Differentiation is the process by which pupils are ranked and categorised into different streams or sets. Polarisation is when pupils become divided into opposing groups or ‘poles’; those labelled as top-stream conformist high achievers and those labelled as lower stream failures

Question 3

Formation of anti-school subcultures

Answer 3

consists of students who don’t agree with the values, norms, rules, and ethos of the school. They often develop negative attitudes towards teachers, and they display rebellious and disruptive behaviour

Question 4

Labelling, internalisation, Self fulfilling prophecy & the Halo affect

Answer 4

Teachers may label a student who gets low exam scores or performs badly in a particular class as a low achiever. A student may find this label difficult to “shake off,” which can create a self-fulfilling prophecy. The halo effect is when a pupil is stereotyped from first impressions as being good/bad or thick/bright

Question 5

Clash of Cultural habbitus

Answer 5

occurs because one’s habitus, lifestyle, expectations of particular social groups, and a set of dispositions are embodied and internalised. The conflict, or clash, in certain situations, leads to feelings of not belonging, of being like a ‘fish out of water’.

Question 6

Educational Triage

Answer 6

pupils being divided into groups based on predicted performance by the school

Question 7

Becker

Answer 7

believes negative labelling of students leads to a self- fulfilling prophecy – usually of failure

Question 8

Rosenthal & Jacobson

Answer 8

teacher expectations influence pupil performance. They found positive expectations influence performance positively