Internal factors on ethnicity

Question 1

Racialised expectations

Answer 1

teachers have ‘racialized expectations’ (expect ethnic minority pupils to act differently) black pupils in turn feel teachers underestimate them and pick on them. this may stem from teacher racism, rather than pupils actual behaviour

Question 2

Teacher racism

Answer 2

labelling

Question 3

Institutional Racism

Answer 3

Labelling ethnic minority pupils as failures. Putting them into a lower set

Question 4

Ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 4

based on the cultural values and perspectives of a particular ethnic or cultural group. focused on white history and literature.

Question 5

Racism Between pupils

Answer 5

Racism amongst pupils can result in race-related bullying and name-calling, lowering levels of self-esteem. Evidence indicates that some teachers might hold negative racist stereotypes of some minority groups (e.g. Gillborn and Youdell, 1999), resulting in some pupils being ignored or labelled as disruptive

Question 6

Labelling & Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 6

Teachers may label a student who gets low exam scores or performs badly in a particular class as a low achiever. A student may find this label difficult to “shake off,” which can create a self-fulfilling prophecy (Merton)

Question 7

Formation of ethnic subcultures

Answer 7

Minority ethnic group pupils who are subjected to racism, racial stereotypes or labelling at school may form anti-school sub-cultures

Question 8

Ethnic Identities

Answer 8

a personal, self-categorizing concept in which an individual identifies with an ethnic group and its cultural identity, beliefs, values, and origins

Question 9

Ethnocentrism in schools

Answer 9

viewing society (and particularly other cultures) from the perspective of one’s own culture. focus on the history, culture, and achievements of the dominant group, often to the exclusion or marginalisation of other groups

Question 10

Speech Hierarchies

Answer 10

restricted code
elaborated code

Question 11

Gillborn and Youdell

Answer 11

racialised experiences

Question 12

Archer

Answer 12

Archer et al were concerned with the lower rates of participation in Higher Education of working-class and minority ethnic students. Drawing upon the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu, they suggested that one of the reasons for lower participation in HE for these groups was the cultural clash between the habitus