internal factors - achievement

Question 1

what do internal factors focus on

Answer 1

focus on social processes operating inside of schools - interactionists claim through a hidden curriculum educational failure and success are socially constructed so some people learn how to fail and some people learn to succeed

Question 2

teachers expectations - attitudes/labelling

Answer 2

some teachers label students based on stereotypical assumptions of their social background like appearance
w/c more likely to be labelled as disruptive, lacking motivation etc so placed in lower sets and examination tiers

Question 3

attitudes/labelling - evidence

Answer 3

becker - found pupils were judged on how closely they fit the image of an ideal pupil - teachers saw m/c pupils as closest to this idea
dunne and gazeley - schools persistently produce working class underachievement because of labels and assumptions from teachers
hempel-jorgensen - found notions of ideal pupil vary according to social class makeup of the school

Question 4

attitudes/labelling - self fulfilling prophecy -

Answer 4

interactionists argue self-fulfilling prophecy takes place -
teacher labels a pupil - treats pupil according to label and finally pupil lives up to label
expecation becomes part of self concept

Question 5

streaming - hargreaves and douglas

Answer 5

hargreaves found streaming meant to be based on ability (meritocracy) - in fact linked to social class
working class students bottom sets
m/c top sets
creates self-fulfilling prophecy
douglas found that iq of pupils labelled as able and placed in bottom sets actually fell overtime, pupils in top sets increased

Question 6

pupil subcultures: hargreaves

Answer 6

hargreaves found working class pupils go on to develop anti-school subcultures due to negative labelling, high values placed on bad behaviours as it increases status
m/c students develop pro-school subcultures - value on good behaviour

Question 7

abolishing streaming: stephan ball

Answer 7

stephan ball found when streaming was taking the likelihood that students became part of antischool subcultures declined
labelling continued however reflected in better exam results for those labelled positively - self fulfilling prophecy continued to occur

Question 8

response to labelling: ingratiation
(woods)

Answer 8

ingratiation - teachers pet - staying behind in lessons etc, positive labelling

Question 9

response to labelling: ritualism

Answer 9

going through motions - staying out of trouble

Question 10

response to labelling - retreatism

Answer 10

daydreaming and mucking about

Question 11

response to labelling - rebellion

Answer 11

rejecting everything the school stands for

Question 12

educational triage and marketisation -
gillborn and yodell

Answer 12

marketisation - schools are under pressure to stream and select pupils due to competition and exam league tables
gillborn and yodell argue schools categorise pupils into:
‘‘those who will pass anyways’’
‘‘those with potential’’ (concentrated on the most)
‘‘hopeless cases’’ w/c more likely and are ignored - self-fulfilling prophecy and failure