INTERLEUKINS TABLE UW Flashcards
what cytokines are acute? 3
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alfa
what cytokines are late?2
IL-8, IL-12
Source of IL-1?
Macrophages (/monocytes)
Other cells: endothelial cells, dendritic cells, B cells, fibroblasts
Source of IL-2?
all activated T cells (mainly CD4)
Source of IL-3?
all activated T cells
Source of IL-4?
Th2 cells (+mast cells)
Source of IL-5?
Th2 cells (+mast cells)
Source of IL-6?
Macrophages (/monocytes)
Source of IL-7?
Adventitial reticular cells
Source of IL-8?
Macrophages
T cells
Other cells: endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells
Source of IL-10?
Th2 (main)
Treg cells
Macrophages
Source of IL-12?
Macrophages
Most important anti-inflammatory interleukin?
IL-10
Most important proinflammatory interleukins?
IL-1 and 6 (and TNF-α)
Functions of most important proinflammatory interleukins/
endogenous pyrogens (fever) and main mediators of sepsis
IL-1 and 6 (and TNF-α). Three functions?
fever, inflammation and shock
Osteoclast-activating factor?
IL-1
Dysregulation of IL-1 leads to ….
Dysregulation of IL‑1 in cartilage leads to damage and osteoarthritis.
Induces expression of adhesion molecules in the endothelium? ICAM
IL-1, TNF-alpha
Mediates septic shock by activating the endothelium, which causes vascular leakage and recruitment of white blood cells?
TNF-alpha
Causes cachexia?
TNF-alpha
Causes vascular leak?
TNF-alpha
Main in mediation of septic shock? from FA/AMBOSS
TNF-alpha
Cytotoxic and inhibits carcinogenesis of certain tumors?
TNF-alpha
Maintenance of granulomas (critical defense against mycobacterial infections)?
TNF-alpha
Functions on TNF-alpha?
Pyrogenic, cytotoxic + inhibits carcinogenesis (for tumor cells), cachexia, maintenance of granulomas in TB, septic shock + recruitment of WBCs, inflammation, endothelial activation
Cachectin in other name?
tumor necrosis factor; formerly tumor necrosis factor-alpha
IL-8 function?
activation of neutrophils + major chemostatic factor for neutrophils
IL-12 functions?2
Induces differentiation of naive T cells to Th1 cells.
Activates/increase activity of NK cells (and T CD8 according to UW)
Main IL for naive T cells –> Th1 cells?
IL-12
What cytokines secreted by macrophages?
IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-alpha
What interleukins is important for ,,cell mediated response”?
IL-12
It lets differentiation of naive T cells –> Th1 cells
What 2 recruit WBC?
IL-1 and TNF-alpha
How a fever is induced?
IL acts on hjypothalamus
Hepatic synthesis of acute phase reactants (early inflammatory reaction and positive reinforcement)?
IL-6
Differentiation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells?
IL-6
Inhibits hematopoiesis?
IL-6
What is IL-1 action on vessels?
vasodilation –> edema
IL-1 is one for septic shock. Others are IL-6 and TNF-alpha
IL-1 functions?
Fever, inflammation, vasodilation (on of IL for sepsis), activation of endothelium, activates osteoclasts, acute phase reactants, promotes differentiation of Th17 cells involved in autoimmunity,
Hematopoietic growth factor
Stimulates proliferation of granulocytes in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in the spleen, Inhibits hematopoiesis
Acute phase reactans?
IL-1 and IL-6
Hematopoietic growth factor
Stimulates proliferation of granulocytes in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in the spleen? 3
IL-1, IL-3, IL-6
Inhibits hematopoiesis?
IL-1, IL-6
Increase hematopoiesis?
IL-3
What IL activates macrophages?
IL-2 (nu ir aisku dar INF-gamma)
What IL stimulates stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells?
IL-2
Treg, Tcytotoxic, T helper
What 2 IL activates NK?
IL-2 and IL-12
IL-2 functions?
Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells: Regulatory T cells, Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Natural killer (NK) cells
Activates macrophages
Which IL functions as GM-CSF?
IL-3
Which IL supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells?
IL-3
IL-4 on T cells?
Promotes differentiation of helper T cells into Th2 cells
incr. Th2 differentiation
IL-4 on B cells?
Promotes growth of B cells
IL-4 on class switching?
Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG
Promotes differentiation of helper T cells into Th2 cells
(incr. Th2 differentiation)?
IL-4
Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG?
IL-4
Induces proliferation of mast cells and basophils?
IL-4
IL-5 effect on class switching?
Promotes class switching to IgA
IL-4 effect on basophils and mast cells?
Induces proliferation
Stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils and B cells?
IL-5
Promotes class switching to IgA?
IL-5
GROWTH and DIFFERENTIATION of what cells is induced by IL-5?
eosinophils and B cells
IL-10 main function?
attenuates inflammatory response (anti-inflammatory)
Upregulates different tiers of lymphocytes:
a) Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into progenitor B and T cells
b) Maturation of natural killer (NK) cells and lymphocytes
IL-7
IL-10 inhibits what actiaved cells?
macrophages and dendritic
+ dec. MHC II and Th1 cytokines + decr. Th1 differentiation
(UW: dec. cell mediated immunity and APC activity)
decr. MHC II?
IL-10
dec. cell mediated immunity and APC activity?
IL-10
IL-10 is secreted by Th2. What other cell secretes it?
T reg
IL-10 and …… attenuates inflammation?
IL-10 and TGF-beta
Promoters of differentiation of T cells to Th2?
IL-2 and IL-4
Class switching interleukins?
IL-4 and IL-5
Hot T-bone stEAK represents the effects of IL-1 through IL-6?
IL-1: promotes (hot) fever
- IL-2: stimulates proliferation/differentiation of T cells
- IL-3: stimulates proliferation of granulocytes and stem cells in the bone marrow
- IL-4: stimulates class switching to IgE
- IL-5: stimulates class switching to IgA
- IL-6: stimulates the synthesis of aKute phase reactants
What apart IL-1 and IL-6 stimulates synthesis of acute phase proteins?
IL-11 - Stimulates hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins
Type I interferons?
alpha and beta
Type II interferons?
gamma
Source of IFN-alpha and Beta?
Virus‑infected cells and malignant cells;
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce particularly high amount of type I interferons;
Source of IFN-beta but not alpha?
Fibroblasts (interferon-β)
once IFN binds its receptors on the cells, what happens?
This results in transcription of antiviral enzymes capable of halting protein synthesis, such as RNase L (endonuclease that degrades all RNA in the cell) and protein kinase R (inactivates eIF-2, inhibiting translation initiation).
Antiviral enzymes become active only in the presence……
double stranded RNR
where forms double-stranded RNA?
forms in infected cells as a result of viral replication
What type of structure if IFN?
glycoproteins
IFN effect on MHC?
Promotes the expression of MHC class I molecules, so that virus‑infected cells are rapidly recognized → activation of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells
IFN alpha and beta effect on platelets?
Inhibits megakaryocyte stem cell differentiation and proliferation.
Promotes the expression of MHC class I molecules, so that virus‑infected cells are rapidly recognized → activation of NK cells and cytotoxic T cells?
IFN alpha and beta
Source of IFN-gamma?
Th1 and NK cells (when stimulated by IL-12 from macrophages or antigen contact)
Main 2 functions of IFN gamma?
Activation of macrophages (and NK);
upregulation of MHC II
Suppresses a Th2 response (negative feedback)?
IFN gamma
Synergistic effect with tumor necrosis factor in stimulating macrophages to form granulomas (critical against mycobacterial infections)?
IFN-gamma
What cytokine has synergistic effect in formation of granulomas?
IFN-gamma
IFN-gamma effect on Th1?
Induces Th1
Th1 lymphocytes secrete IFN-γ, which activates macrophages and is essential for the …………………
FORMATION of granulomas.
Activated macrophages secrete TNF-α, which is essential for the ………….
MAINTENANCE of granulomas.
Lymphotoxin-alpha was also known? Source?
formerly tumor necrosis factor-beta;
Activated lymphocytes
Cachectin was also know? Source?
tumor necrosis factor; formerly tumor necrosis factor-alpha;
Activated macrophages
Lymphotoxin-alpha function?
Cytotoxic → inhibits carcinogenesis
Promotes colony stimulating factor synthesis → fibroblast proliferation → stimulates wound healing
Cytotoxic → inhibits carcinogenesis
Promotes colony stimulating factor synthesis → fibroblast proliferation → stimulates wound healing?
Lymphotoxin-alpha
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Effect of inflammation?
Inhibits pro-inflammatory enzymes (e.g., macrophageal proteases)
same as IL-10
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). On tissues?
Induces repair and remodelling of different tissues, including bone
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Class swithcing?
Stimulates antibody class switching to IgA
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Takes part in growth and differentiation of embryonic tissue cells and stem cells in the postnatal period
.
FA. What induces NK cells? 5
IL-2, IL-12, IFN alpha and IFN beta, INF gamma
