Interactionist Perspective C&D Flashcards

1
Q

who is the main theorist for the labelling theory

A

Becker

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2
Q

what does Becker believe about labelling and deviance and give two examples

A

-deviance is labelled depending on the audience and situation
-eg streaker at a football match vs at a playground
-eg teenagers brawling in a low income vs high income neighbourhood

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3
Q

how does Becker explain labelling leading to crime

A

-when someone is labelled as deviant it becomes their master status and may develop a self fulfilling prophecy
-this process in relation to crime has 5 stages (The Career of a Deviant)

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4
Q

what are the five stages Becker identifies in The Career of a Deviant

A

-labelled as deviant and rejected from social groups
-this may encourage further deviance
-ex convicts find it hard to get jobs and be forced into crime
-deviant career complete when individuals join organised deviant group
-deviant subculture develops

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5
Q

who is the theorist for labelling who is not Becker

A

Young

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6
Q

what did Youngs study show

A

-studied hippies at Notting Hill
-police negatively labelled hippies as dirty lazy drug addicts
-community of deviants grew from police action
-they retreated into small closed groups where deviant norms and values developed
-SFP created and police action became stronger against the deviance they helped create

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7
Q

which theorist theorises about societal reactions being the cause of deviance

A

Lemert

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8
Q

what does Lemert distinguish between

A

primary deviance - deviant acts before they are publicly labelled
secondary deviance - the response of the individual to that reaction

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9
Q

describe Lemerts theory in societal reaction causing deviance (not the study)

A

-samples of deviants are unrepresentative as it only shows secondary deviance
-secondary deviance leads to discrimination and an SFP forming a community of similarly labelled ppl

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10
Q

what was Lemerts study

A

-stuttering across north pacific coastal indians
-NPCI showed signs of stuttering before and after contact with whites while other tribes had no signs of stuttering
-this is bc NPCI penalised stutterers which made them more anxious and stuttered more
-THEREFORE societal reactions to small deviances can produce more deviances

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11
Q

who else besides Lemert theorises on secondary deviance

A

Goffman

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12
Q

what does Goffman theorise

A

-secondary deviance demonstrated by treatment of mental patients “mortification process”
-mental patients stripped of identity and maintain strict routines
-they either accept the institutions definition of them as helpless deviants and believe they cannot function in outside world
-label ‘ex mental patient’ makes re entry into society very difficult

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13
Q

who studied labelling theory and social policy

A

Jones

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14
Q

what two main policy implications of labelling theory identified by Jones

A

-deviant behaviours should be decriminalised eg Portugal and small drug possessions
-when law intervene it should avoid labelling and SFP so they do not fall back into deviance ; although naming and shaming has become more popular

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15
Q

who is the main theorist for labelling and law enforcement

A

Cicourel

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16
Q

what does Cicourel argue

A

the meanings held by police officers explain why most delinquents come from lower class backgrounds

17
Q

what are the two stages Cicourel identifies in labelling someone a delinquent

A

-police decide whether deviant or suspicious behaviour takes place depending on the location and demeanour of a ‘typical delinquent’
-juvenile officers identify ‘typical delinquents’ from appearances and language which is associated with w/c backgrounds

18
Q

what does Cicourel argue about m/c delinquents

A

-they are less likely to be arrested or charged bc they don’t fit the picture of a typical delinquent
-more likely to be defined as ill than criminal

19
Q

who is the main theorist for the positive role of labelling

A

Braithwaite

20
Q

what are the two types of shaming identified by Braithwaite

A

disintegrative shaming
reintegrative shaming

21
Q

what is disintegrative shaming

A

the crime AND the criminal are labelled bad and the offender is excluded from society

22
Q

what is reintegrative shaming and give an example

A

-crime labelled but not the criminal so the criminal can avoid secondary deviance
-eg Danish reintegrative programme for returning Jihadis from Syria offered social services and counselling

23
Q

what do Taylor,Walton and Young criticise about the interactionist approach

A

some acts eg killing for personal gain will always be regarded as deviant

24
Q

what does Ackers criticise about the interactionist approach

A

individuals might choose to be deviant regardless of label

25
give two general criticisms of the interactionist approach
-fails to explain primary deviance -fails to explain why some are labelled deviant and some are not and why some activities are against the law
26
who studied the mods and rockers
Cohen
27
what did Cohens study show
-moral panics and folk devils created from mods and rockers -media exaggerated the defiance as only 24/97 arrests were actually charged and very few were violent (Brighton beach)