Crime Prevention Flashcards
give the 4 methods of crime prevention
-situational crime prevention
-environmental crime prevention
-social and community crime prevention
-surveillance
who defines situational crime prevention
-Clarke
how does Clarke define situational crime prevention
-pre emptive approach focused on reducing opportunities to commit crime rather than improving society or institutions
give 3 examples of situational crime prevention
-CCTV
-Target Hardening
-mosquito sound at Stanley bus station
give an advantage of situational crime prevention
-greatly reduces some crime and focuses on immediate situation
-eg NYC bus terminals
give 4 disadvantages of situational crime prevention
-rational choice theory is too assuming, doesn’t explain non utilitarian crime
-focuses on petty crime
-ignores root causes of crime
-displacement
what are the 5 types of displacement
-spacial (moving elsewhere)
-temporal (diff time)
-target (diff target)
-tactical (diff method)
-functional (diff type of crime)
what theory and theorist links to environmental crime prevention
-Broken Windows Theory
-Wilson and Kelling
give 3 advantages to environmental crime prevention
-deterrent due to higher risk of getting caught
-effective in NY, major crime fell 39%
-public feels safer
give 4 disadvantages to environmental crime prevention
-only focuses on prevention not rescuing areas from crime
-police are understaffed and under resourced, not sustainable
-doesnt tackle root cause of crime
-displaces crime and may enable discrimination
what is CPTED
-crime prevention through environmental design
what does CPTED do
-removed opportunities for crime via the environment
-eg anti homeless architecture, shutters on shops, lighting and high trees
what is social and community crime prevention
idea of shifting emphasis from policing to potential offenders and their social cotext
give an example of social and community crime prevention
-Perry Pre School Project
-2 year intellectual enrichment programme for disadvantaged black 3-4 year olds
-compared to control significantly fewer lifetime arrests
give 2 examples where surveillance has been used to detect crime
-London Riots 2011
-Jamie Burger case to watch abduction
give 2 scandals about surveillance
-2020 Barclays scraps big brother staff tracking system
-Edward Snowden
what was the Barclays surveillance scandal
-software surveilled how long staff were at their desks and issued warnings if gone too long
-started debate on workplace surveillance
what was the Edward Snowden scandal
-leaked classified documents from the gov’s surveillance
-initially allowed to surveil suspected terrorists and criminals but abused to track citizens
what is meant by self surveillance and who embraces it
-behaviour alters upon belief you are being watched whether you are or are not
-embraced in UK for self policing
give a reason why surveillance may be better than self surveillance
-surveillance protects rights eg lawyers seeing CCTV of police mistreatment
what concept links to self surveillance
-Panopticon
-guard tower in the middle prison cells surrounding it , under constant surveillance
which postmodernist theorist comments on surveillance
Foucalt
what does Foucalt argue about surveillance
-prisons are a metaphor for how we are constantly surveilled eg CCTV , loyalty cards, ID
-shift from sovereign power eg public execution to disciplinary power eg governing mind body and soul
give 3 criticisms of Foucalts view on surveillance
-overestimates power of surveillance eg Goffman’s mortification process shows resistance to control
-underestimates how long the shift from sovereignty to disciplinary takes
-CCTV not always effective eg doesn’t catch domestic violence
what is meant by liquid or synaptic surveillance
-surveillance is fluid and changing eg digital footprint
-people become more careful eg deny cookies or use VPN
what does Thompson argue about liquid surveillance
-powerful groups fear exposure through surveillance which puts social control over their activities
-eg Matt Hancock’s affair
