Intelligence Testing Flashcards
Purposes of Testing (2)
(1) Guidance: Cognitive strengths and weaknesses
(2) Decision-making: Diagnosis, entrance in academic programs, career decisions…
Types of Tests of General Mental Ability (2)
(1) Individual tests
(2) Group tests
Names of famous individual ability tests
- Stanford Binet IQ Test
- Wechsler IQ scales (e.g. WAIS-IV, WISC-V)
Names of famous group ability tests
- Scholastic Tests: GRE, SAT
- Aptitude Batteries
Francis Galton (3)
- First to try to measure differences in intellectual capacities
- Intellectual differences = differences in sensation and perception abilities
- Human abilities have a normal distribution
Alfred Binet: Goal
Identifying children with special needs
Alfred Binet: Def of intelligence
Complex mental acts e.g., imagination, reasoning, memory, motor skills
Who made the first practical intelligence test
Alfred Binet
Alfre Binet’s tests - Identified tasks sensitive to: (3)
- Age (Developed AGE NORMS that provided an age equivalent score)
- School achievement
- Teacher’s perceptions of ability
Alfre Binet’s tests - assess ability to: (3)
- Judge well
- Understand well
- Reason well
Binet’s IntelligenceTests measure: ____ (7)
- Measure higher mental processes
- Memory
- General knowledge
- Abstract Reasoning
- Attention
- Comprehension
- Coordination
- Visual judgment
Binet’s IntelligenceTests Concepts: (4)
- Introduced the concept of Mental Age
- Developed age norms (provided an age-equivalent score)
- Established cut-offs scores - 4 categories: idiot, imbecile, moron, normal
- One score
Did Binet’s test work? (3)
- Discriminated MR from “normal” children
- Discriminated MR from behavior problems
- Predicted grades
Binet’s test had a ____ score
single
Binet’s test was brought to US by ____: What modification did he bring? (3)
Lewis Terman (Stanford-Binet)
-> Intended to measure GENERAL intelligence
-> Introduced Intelligence Quotient Ratio (IQ)
- Individuals with higher IQs had greater career success (i.e. Terman study)
Lewis Terman: Intelligence Quotient Ratio (IQ) formula
IQ = Mental Age (MA)/ Chronological Age (CA) * 100
Criticism of Binet scale (3)
- Invalid for adults
- Tasks favoured speed, disadvantaging older adults
- Mental age norms did NOT apply to adults (While Wechsler highlighted the potential for intellectual decline with age)
David Wechsler’s novelties (4)
- Content Grouping: Grouped tasks by content, creating tests that provided not just an overall score but also separate scores for each content area.
- Historically provided 3 scores: IQ, VIQ, PIQ (in addition to subset scores)
- Introduced the concept of deviation IQ: scores should have similar statistical properties and same meaning at diff ages
- Introduced the Point scale: assigns specific points for each item passed
The Binet scale grouped items by ____, with tasks _____ to their content at each level.
age level, unrelated
=> Tasks covered various abilities with no specific point system for completed tasks (e.g., passing two out of four tasks in a set would yield no credit).
Evolution of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) (3)
(1) Binet: Mental age
(2) Terman’s IQ
(3) Wechsler’s Deviation IQ (-> Transformed standard score for specific age group)
Problem with Terman’s IQ
Score did NOT represent the same relative position at one age as another
1. Maximum mental age = 18
2. Standard deviations at diff ages were different; consequently, meaning of scores was different at diff ages
Wechsler Scales & their age range (3)
(1) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of IntelligenceFourth Edition (WPPSI-IV): 2-7yo
(2) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition (WISC-V): 6-16yo
(3) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition (WAIS-IV): 16-90yo
WISC–V Characteristics (3)
- Individual administration
- Assessment of Cognitive Functioning in Children 6-16 years
- Administration time: 45-65 minutes
WISC–V Content (2)
- 5 index scores (made of subsets)
- 10 primary subtests to obtain FSIQ (=total score, Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient)
