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Psychology 12 AP > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of intelligence?

A

The capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment

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2
Q

What is the g-factor?

A

An experimental factor that involves reasoning, problem solving skills, etc.

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3
Q

How did Binet measure intelligence?

A

Through a series of specialized “intellectual” questions

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4
Q

What were the five factors that Binet incorporated to measure intelligence?

A
  1. Fluid reasoning
  2. Quantitative reasoning
  3. Knowledge
  4. Visual-spatial processing
  5. Working memory
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5
Q

What is the SB5?

A

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

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6
Q

What is the difference between the Binet and Wechsler tests?

A

1) The Binet test was originally designed for children while the Weschler test was originally designed for adults
2) The Binet test gives one overall score for intelligence while the Weschler test breaks down intelligence into many different parts

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7
Q

What are the different parts that the Weschler test breaks intelligence down into?

A

Performance intelligence and verbal intelligence

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8
Q

What is performance intelligence?

A

It is non-verbal intelligence (solving puzzles, etc.)

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9
Q

What is verbal intelligence?

A

Intelligence measured by answering questions like vocabulary, arithmetic, etc.

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10
Q

What is mental age?

A

The average mental ability people exhibit at a particular age

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11
Q

What is chronological age?

A

It is a person’s age in years

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12
Q

What is IQ?

A

It is the person’s mental age divided by his chronological age then multiplied by 100

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13
Q

What is deviation IQ?

A

It is the IQ obtained from a person’s relative standing in his or her age group

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14
Q

What is artificial intelligence?

A

It is an artificial system that is capable of displaying human problem solving and intelligence

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15
Q

What is standardization?

A

It refers to the uniform practices in giving and scoring tests

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16
Q

What is the norm?

A

It is the explicit standard for behavior that members of a group share

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17
Q

What is reliability?

A

It is the consistency of test scores

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18
Q

What makes a test reliable?

A

It yields similar results upon repeated testing

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19
Q

What is test-retest?

A

It is a procedure for administering a test to the same person twice to determine reliability

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20
Q

What are split-halves?

A

It is a procedure for splitting a test into two parts and comparing the scores on both parts to determine reliability

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21
Q

What is internal consistency?

A

It is the characteristic of a test that yields the same responses from people to items that measure the same thing

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22
Q

What makes a test valid?

A

If it measures what it’s supposed to measure

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23
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

It is the validity that a test has if it can be correlated with another kind of criterion that is available

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24
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

It is the validity that a test has if its results can be correlated with the test taker’s future performance

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25
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

It is a statistical technique used by researchers to determine which types of scores on tests tend to cluster together

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26
Q

What is a factor?

A

It is a basic ability that test takers already have

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27
Q

What is information processing view of intelligence?

A

It is an approach to studying intelligence that looks at how people think and reason intelligently

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28
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet test?

A

It is Stanford’s revised revision of the Binet test that judges intelligence by performance and verbal sections

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29
Q

What does the SAT measure?

A

The aptitude for college studies

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30
Q

What is mental retardation?

A

It is a state where someone’s general intelligence has been significantly lower than the average since childhood

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31
Q

What is the heritability factor?

A

It is the estimate of genetic contribution to intelligence in people who belong to the same population

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32
Q

What is SOMPA? What does it consist of?

A

Is the System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment. It includes an IQ test, a medical examination, and an interview with the child’s parents

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33
Q

What is validity?

A

It is a test’s ability to measure what it is designed to measure

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34
Q

Which professor at Stanford revised Binet’s test?

A

Lewis Terman

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35
Q

How is culture a problem in testing?

A

Some questions may favour a particular culture

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36
Q

What three aspects of intelligence did Sternberg’s triarchic theory distinguish?

A

Contextual, componential, and experiential

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37
Q

What factors can affect mental ability after birth?

A

Nutrition, family conditions, exposure to toxins, etc.

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38
Q

What is practical intelligence?

A

Allows one to learn strategies for success that are not formally taught

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39
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

Allows one to understand his/her and other peoples’ emotional states

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40
Q

What is a normal (bell) curve?

A

Bell-shaped curve with the majority of scores in the middle

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41
Q

What is the correlation between IQ scores and school grades?

A

.50

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42
Q

Does high IQ predict success?

A

Not necessarily - high IQ reveals potential

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43
Q

What is giftedness?

A

The possession of a high IQ or special talents

44
Q

What is intellectual disability?

A

Presence of a developmental disability or IQ below 70

45
Q

What causes intellectual disabilities?

A 
Physical disorders:
Genetic abnormalities
Fetal damage
Birth injuries
Metabolic disorders
46
Q

What can cause familial intellectual disability?

A

Poor households where nutrition, intellectual stimulation, medical care, and emotional support may be inadequate

47
Q

What is a culture-fair test?

A

Test designed to minimize importance of skills/knowledge prevalent in some cultures than in others

48
Q

What are the eight different kinds of intelligence according to Gardner? (use chunking to memorize!)

A
  1. Language
  2. Logic and math
  3. Visual and spatial
  4. Music
  5. Bodily-kinesthetic
  6. Intrapersonal
  7. Interpersonal
  8. Naturalist
49
Q

What is Gardner’s theory called?

A

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

50
Q

What is a twin study?

A

Comparison of twins who were raised together or separated at birth; purpose is to identify relative impact of heredity and environment.

51
Q

Why do the children of some races tend to have lower IQs than other races?

A

Poverty, worse living environments, etc

52
Q

What happened when poor African-American children were adopted into European-American families?

A

IQs of African-American children increased

53
Q

IQ predicts school performance, but does it predict later career success?

A

No

54
Q

Are group differences in average IQ based on genetics?

A

No (no significant correlations between ethnic ancestry and iQ)

55
Q

What is cognition?

A

Process of mentally processing information

56
Q

What are some causes of intellectual disability?

A

1) Missing, extra, defective genes
2) Fetal damage from disease, drugs, etc.
3) Birth injuries (lack of oxygen in delivery)

57
Q

What is familial intellectual disability?

A

It is non-biological disability that occurs when one lives in a household with poor nutrition, emotional support and healthcare

58
Q

What is multiple intelligence?

A

Gardner’s theory that traditional IQ tests only really measure a portion of real world intelligence, and one can be smart in many different ways

59
Q

How much of intelligence is hereditary?

A

Generally around 50%

60
Q

What are Sternberg’s two types of intelligence?

A

Analytic and practical

61
Q

What are images?

A

Picture-like mental representations

62
Q

What are concepts?

A

Ideas that represent categories of events

63
Q

What is language?

A

Words or symbols and the rules for combining them

64
Q

What is synaesthesia?

A

It is a form of imagery where a person may associate feelings with colors, voices with tastes, etc.

65
Q

What are kinesthetic images?

A

Images that are created with muscle sensations (picturing how your kettle turns on)

66
Q

What is concept formation?

A

It is the process of classifying information into meaningful categories

67
Q

What is conceptual rule?

A

A rule for deciding whether or not something is an example of a concept

68
Q

What are conjunctive concepts?

A

Concepts that have two or more features in common (motorbike has engine AND handlebars AND wheels)

69
Q

What are relational concepts?

A

How something relates to something else (up, down, left right, north, larger, etc.)

70
Q

What are disjunctive concepts?

A

Concepts defined by at least having one of several features

71
Q

What is a prototype?

A

A model that is the ideal example of something (robin to bird instead of ostrich to bird)

72
Q

What is denotative meaning?

A

The dictionary definition of something

73
Q

What is connotative meaning?

A

The emotional or personal meaning of something

74
Q

What is an example of a faulty concept?

A

Social stereotypes, black and white thinking

75
Q

What are phonemes?

A

The basic speech sounds of a language

76
Q

What is semantics?

A

The study of meaning in words and language

77
Q

What are morphemes?

A

The words and syllables of a language

78
Q

What is thinking?

A

A mental expression of a problem

79
Q

What can mental images be used to do?

A
  1. Make decisions or solve problems
  2. Change feelings
  3. Improve skills or prepare for action
  4. Aid memory
80
Q

What is a general solution?

A

A solution that states requirements for success

81
Q

What is mental rotation based on?

A

Imagined movements

82
Q

What are transformation rules?

A

They dictate how to change a sentence to other forms (past to present, etc.)

83
Q

What is a mechanical solution?

A

A solution achieved by trial and error

84
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

A set of rules that always leads to the solution of a problem

85
Q

What are the three parts of insight according to Robert Sternberg and Janet Davidson?

A

1) Selective encoding (selecting information relevant to a problem)
2) Selective combination (bringing together information)
3) Selective comparison (comparing the problem with previous problems that have been solved)

86
Q

What is a functional solution?

A

The detailed, workable solution

87
Q

What is random search strategy?

A

Trying out possible solutions in a random order

88
Q

What is a heuristic approach?

A

Any strategy that aids problem solving (mainly limiting the number of solutions to be tried)

89
Q

What is insight?

A

A sudden mental reorganization that makes solving a problem obvious

90
Q

What is fixation?

A

The tendency to become blind to alternative solutions/get hung up on wrong solutions

91
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

The inability to see new uses for familiar objects

92
Q

What are some mental blocks that prevent problem solving?

A

1) Emotional barriers (fear of making mistake)
2) Cultural barriers
3) Learned barriers (functional fixedness)
4) Perceptual barriers

93
Q

What is inductive thought?

A

Thinking where the general rule is gathered from examples (inferring gravity from falling objects)

94
Q

What is deductive thought?

A

Applying general rules to specific situations

95
Q

What is logical thought?

A

Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal reasoning

96
Q

What is fluency?

A

The total number of solutions produced in a test of creativity

97
Q

What is flexibility?

A

The number of types of solutions produced in a test of creativity

98
Q

What is originality?

A

A new solution in a test of creativity

99
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

Thinking directed toward discovery of a correct answer

100
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

Thinking that produced many ideas or answers

101
Q

What are the five steps of problem solving?

A

1) Orientation (defining problem)
2) Preparation (gaining information about a problem)
3) Incubation (period where all attempted solutions don’t work, but problem is still subconsciously being solved)
4) Illumination (aha! moment that ends incubation)
5) Verification (testing the solution in illumination)

102
Q

What are some characteristics of creative people?

A

1) Great range of interests
2) Open to variety of experiences
3) Prefer complexity

103
Q

What is intuition?

A

Quick thought that does not make use of logic

104
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

The tendency to select wrong answers that match pre-existing mental categories

105
Q

What are some common errors in judgement? (all in the book)

A

1) Personal feelings (tendency to vote for candidate you like rather than most qualified candidate)
2) Representativeness heuristic
3) Ignoring base rate

106
Q

What is the base rate?

A

The basic probability of an event

107
Q

What is framing?

A

The way a problem is stated (parent denied custody vs parent given custody). As such, broadest way of framing usually produces best results

Psychology 12 AP (8 decks)

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