Chapter 3 - Human Development (KEY TERMS) Flashcards
learn dem key terms! trying 2 work on paraphrasing have a nice day! just know the general idea, don't memorize terms word for word. (really, don't.) - Dr. PhDonk Donkodan Meow
Developmental psychology
study of changes in behaviour and abilities from birth to death
Heredity
transmission of characteristics through genes from parents to offspring
DNA
molecular structure that contains genetic information
Chromosomes
‘colored bodies’ made up of DNA in the nucleus of each cell
Genes
specific areas on DNA strands that carry genetic information
Dominant gene
Recessive gene
expressed if present
expressed if two recessive genes
Polygenic characteristics
influenced by many genes working in combination
Maturation
physical growth and development of body/nervous system
Readiness
condition that allows rapid acquisition of a skill
Environment (nurture)
all external conditions affecting development, esp. learning
Congenital problems (birth defects)
(originate during time in womb)
Genetic disorders
problems caused by defects in genes
Teratogen
causes birth defects
Sensitive period
Increased sensitivity to environmental influences
Deprivation
withholding of normal stimulation
Enrichment
making an environment more stimulating
Temperament
physical core of personality (emotions, etc)
Developmental level
Physical/emotional/intellectual developmental state
Social smile
Smiling elicited by social stimuli (seeing parents’ face)
Social development
development of self-awareness, attachment to parents, and relationships with others
Emotional attatchment
close emotional bond that infants form with others
Separation anxiety
distress when infants are separated from caregivers
Secure attachment
stable and positive emotional bond
Insecure-avoidant attachment
bond in which infant tends to avoid reunion with caregiver
Insecure-ambivalent attachment
bond in which infant desires to be with parent and resists being united
Affectional needs
emotional needs for love and affection
Parental styles
identifiable patterns of parental caretaking/interaction with children
Authoritarian parents
Parents who enforce rigid rules/demand strict obedience
Overly permissive parents
Parents who give children no guidance and too much freedom
Authoritative parents
Parents who supply firm guidance with love/affection
Maternal/paternal influences
psychological effects mothers/fathers have on children
Biological predisposition
readiness of humans to learn certain skills
Signal
early language development: any behaviour for nonverbal interaction and turn-taking between parent and child
Assimilation
application of existing mental patterns to new situations
Accommodation
modification of existing mental pattern to fit new situations
Sensorimotor stage
sensory input and motor responses become coordinated
Object permanence
concept gained in infancy: objects continue to exist even when not in sight
Preoperational stage
children began to use language and think symbolically, but remain intuitive and egocentric in thought
Transformation
mental ability to change shape or form of substance and perceiving that it’s volume remains the same
Intuitive thought
thought with little use of logic
Egocentric thought
self-centered thought that does not consider the viewpoints of others
Concrete operational stage
use of simple concepts, mental operations
Conservation
mastery of the concept that WMV are conserved when shape/appearance of object changes
Formal operations stage
abstract thought
Zone of proximal development
range of tasks a child cannot master alone, but can with help
Adolescence
CULTURALLY defined period between childhood and adulthood
Puberty
BIOLOGICALLY defined period in which a person matures sexually and is capable of reproduction
Moral development
development of values that act as a guide regarding acceptable behaviour
Preconventional moral reasoning
based on consequences
Conventional moral reasoning
based on desire to please others and follow accepted rules
Postconventional moral reasoning
based on self-chosen moral principles
Developmental task
any skill/personal change that must take place for optimal development
Psychosocial dilemma
conflict between personal impulses and the real world
Erikson’s Psychosocial Dilemmas
- Trust vs. Mistrust (1 year)
- Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood)
- Generativity vs. Self-interest (Middle Adulthood)
- Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
(just read the definitions in the book, I’ve already learned them and they’re sort of self-explanatory and I’m lazy)
Ageism
Discrimination based on age
