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Psychology 12 AP > Chapter 6 - Conditioning and Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Conditioning and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience

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2
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Formation of simple associations between stimuli and responses

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3
Q

What is cognitive learning?

A

Higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation

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4
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Any event that increases the probability of a response occurring again

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5
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus

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6
Q

What are antecedents and consequences?

A

Antecedents: events that precede a response
Consequences: effects that follow a response

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning based on the consequences of responding

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9
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

Elicits a response by itself

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10
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

An innate reflex response elicited by a US

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11
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

A stimulus that does not evoke a response

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12
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been paired up with a US

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13
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced

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15
Q

What is respondent reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement that occurs when a US closely follows a CS

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16
Q

What is the optimal delay between a CS and a US?

A

1/2 to 5 seconds

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17
Q

What is higher order conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning (CS used as US, look at table on pg. 230)

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18
Q

What did Pavlov believe?

A

Classical conditioning does not involve any higher mental processes

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19
Q

What is the informational view?

A

Perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment.

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20
Q

What is expectancy?

A

Anticipation concerning future events

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21
Q

What is extinction?

A

Weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement

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22
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Reappearance of a learned response after its extinction

23
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

Responding similarly to stimuli which are similar to an already conditioned stimulus

24
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

25
Q

What is a conditioned emotional response?

A

Emotional responses linked to previous nonemotional stimuli by classical conditioning
(A boy being scared of a dog once and thus being scared of dogs)

26
Q

What happens in the brain when a CER occurs?

A

The amygdala becomes more active, producing feelings of fear

27
Q

What is desensitization?

A

Gradually exposing a phobic person to feared stimuli while the person is relaxed

28
Q

What is vicarious classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning brought on by observing another person react to a stimulus

29
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated

Responses that lead to undesirable effects are not repeated

30
Q

What is an operant reinforcer?

A

Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows

31
Q

What happens in operant conditioning?

A

Subjects learn to expect that a certain response will have a certain effect

32
Q

For rats in a Skinner box, minimal learning would occur if the delay between pressing the bar and receiving food past what time?

A

50 seconds

33
Q

What is response chaining?

A

Assembly of separate responses into a series of actions that lead to reinforcement

34
Q

What are superstitious behaviours?

A

Behaviours repeated because they seem to produce reinforcement, even though they are unnecessary

35
Q

What is shaping?

A

Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern

36
Q

What is operant extinction?

A

Weakening or disappearance of nonreinforced operant responses

37
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement in which a response is followed by a reward or something similar

38
Q

What is negative reinforcement? (careful!)

A

Reinforcement in which a response is followed by an end to discomfort or something similar

39
Q

What is punishment?

A

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of it occurring again

40
Q

What is response cost?

A

Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made

41
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Non-learned reinforcers that satisfy physiological needs

42
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A

Learned reinforcers that gain reinforcing properties by association with primary reinforcers

43
Q

What are token reinforcers?

A

Tangible secondary reinforcers. e.g. money

44
Q

What are social reinforcers?

A

Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from others

45
Q

What is feedback?

A

Information returned to a person about the effects a response had

46
Q

What three things make feedback most effective?

A

When it is:
Frequent
Immediate
Detailed

47
Q

What is programmed instruction?

A

Any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and continuous feedback

48
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced

49
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction

50
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule? How strong are the response rates it produces?

A

A set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.
Very high response rates

51
Q

What is variable ratio schedule? How strong are the response rates it produces?

A

A varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer (random).
High response rates

52
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule? How strong are the response rates it produces?

A

A reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced. (Rat on an FI-30-second schedule has to wait 30 seconds after the last reinforced response before pressing the bar will pay off)
Moderate response rates

53
Q

What is a variable interval schedule? How strong are the response rates it produces?

A

A reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced.
(Rat has to wait a varied amount of time before pressing the bar again will pay off)
Slow, steady response rates with tremendous resistance to extinction

Psychology 12 AP (8 decks)

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