Intellectual disabilities Flashcards
what is a learning disability
arrested or incomplete mental development
reduced intellectual ability and difficulty with everyday activities
how is a learning disability defined
IQ <70
present from <18
deficits in adaptive learning
what are the obrien principles of LD
continue to grow and develop in the appropriate environment
worthy of all dignity and rights
need to learn through risk taking
need availability of generic environments, normal conditions of life
diagnosis of LD?
clinical findings
IQ scoring by WAIS, weschler intelligence score for children or weschler preschool or primary scvale of intelligence
what % roughly have LD, how much is it increasing by annually and why is this
normal distribution of 2.5% have IQ<70
1% increase annual thought to be by increase in premature birth survival
what is the flynn effect
increase of 3 points IQ per decade in the USA - 10 per generation
what factors led to the flynn effect
better schooling test familiarity stimulation better nutrition decreased rates of infection and better treatment
what factors are leading to the flynn effect slowing
orientation towardas computer gaming
different schooling
immigration
dysgenic decline
racial and geographical discrepancies in IQ testing?
Asian IQ higher than european
Jewish higher than asian
african american lower than white american
IQ of developed countries are higher
categories of LD - Mild LD
50-69
categories of LD - borderline LD
> 70
categories of LD - moderate LD
49-35
categories of LD - severe LD
20-34
categories of LD - profound LD
<20
mental age of someone with a borderline LD
12-15
features of mild LD
most common LD age 9-12 mentally delayed speech fully independent difficulties with reading and writing unskilled or semi skilled work rarely organic
features of moderate LD
slow comprehension and language delayed self care and motor skill supervised simple tasks fully mobile often organic aetiology and may have comorbid physical disability/epilepsy
features of severe LD
marked impairment
achievements are highly restricted
very frequently associated with epilepsy
features of profound LD
mental age <3
severe limitation in ability to understand of comply with request/instruction
little to no self care
often severe mobility restriction
antenatal genetic causes of LD
cri du chat angelman syndrome prader willi williams syndrome downs syndrome edwards syndrome patau syndrome turners syndrome trisomy X klinefelter XYY fragile X PKU TS congenital hypothyroidism
antenatal non-genetic causes of LD
substnace abuse poor diet toxoplasmosis CMV rubella
perinatal causes LD
hypoxia
prematurity
cerebral anoxia
postnatal causes LD
hypoglycaemic
metabolic
high bilirubin
infancy causes LD
traum
infection
toxins
NAI
social effects of LD
discrimination sexual abuse differing employment stigma poor educational provision
physical effects of LD
physical disability
sensory issues
mobility issues
health effects of LD
harder to diagnose mental illness
epilepsy
substance misuse
physical illness
ways of managing LD
general support and therapeutic environmen t
communication aids
CBT, psychodynamic therapy and behavioural
treatment of epilepsy, GORD, constipation
how may schizophrenia appear in a patient with LD
more likely to have negative symptoms
how may depression appear in a patient with LD
increased somatisation
3x more common
reduced verbal expression affect
higher prevalence biological over affective symptoms
