Integumentary system Flashcards by Hillary Turner

cutaneuous membrane is made up of these two layers

epidermis (epi = above) and dermis (papillary + reticular layers)

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layer that separates cutaneous membrane from organs below; not part of integument

hypodermis

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network of arteries and veins that service the tissues of the integumentary system

cutaneous plexus

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these cells are the most abundant epithelial cells; form several layers called strata

keratinocytes

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these are found deep in the epithelial; run adjacent to each other for attachment

epidermal ridges and dermal papillae

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two types of skin - one with 4 stata, one with 5 strata

thin skin and thick skin

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the exposed surface of both thick and thin skin

stratum corneum

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two types of perspiration; one you can feel, one you can’t

sensible perspiration (from sweat glands when active)
insensible perspirations (from diffusion throughout the day)

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order of 5 stratums from surface inward:

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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cells in the stratum spinosum that help with immune response to injuries to skin and skin cancers

dendritic cells

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condition in which a person’s melanocytes lack the protein needed to produce melanin

albinisim

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pigment produced by melanocytes

melanin

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cells that produce melanin

melanocytes

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vesicles that carry melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes, coloring the skin; they are then destroyed by lysosomes

melanosomes

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orange-yellow pigment in skin and some orange vegetables

carotene

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when the skin takes on a bluish tint due to decreased oxygen in blood

cyanosis

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most common type of skin cancer; originates in stratum basale

basal cell carcinoma

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when cancerous melanocytes metastasize through the lymphatic system

malignant melanoma

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layer within the dermis that is a meshwork of dense irregular tissue of collagen and elastic fibers; fibers blend into papillary layer and subcutaneous layer

reticular

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layer within the dermis made of areolar tissue with lost of blood flow; contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

papillary

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layer that is not part of the skin, separates skin from organs beneath

subcutaneous

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three types of corpuscles (touch receptors) found in dermis

tactile corpuscle
lamellar corpuscle
bulbous corpuscle

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touch receptors found in epidermis

free nerve endings and tactile discs

type of burn that effects only surface of epidermis; “erythema” is inflammation like sunburn

first degree

type of burn that damages entire epidermis and part of dermis; blistering, pain swelling

second degree

type of burn that damages epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer; less painful than 2nd degree because nerves are destroyed

third degree

leading cause of death in burn victims due to bacterial infection

sepsis

common accessory structures in the integument

hair follicles exocrine glands nails

type of hair that is found in the scalp and armpits; thicker, more coarse

terminal hairs

type of hair found on arms and legs; shorter, more delicate

vellus hairs

muscles connected to hair follicles that contract resulting in "goosebumps"

arrector pili muscles

parts of the hair bulb (expanded base of the hair follicle)

- hair papilla - connective tissue peg filled with blood vessels and nerves; Lowest point - hair matrix - layer of basal cells that divide to produce the hair - medulla - daughter cells formed in matrix; soft keratin - cortex - another layer of daughter cells; hard keratin - cuticle - another layer of daughter cells, forms the surface of the hair; hard keratin

group of sensory nerves that surround the base of hair follicle

root hair plexus

portion of hair that anchors it into the skin

hair root

portion of the hair that we can see, extends slightly below surface of skin

hair shaft

- oil glands that release lipid secretion through holocrine secretion (cell becomes swollen with oil then ruptures); - share a duct with the hair follicle they communicate with

sebaceous glands

the secretion that is released by sebaceous glands that coats the hair shaft

sebum

oil gland that secretes sebum onto the skin surface, instead of into a hair follicle

sebaceous follicle

- sweat glands that secrete into hair follicles - found in armpits, around nipples, and groin; - secrete cloudy, stinky fluid - merocrine secretions (thru exocytosis)

apocrine sweat glands

cells that squeeze glands to discharge the secretion accumulated inside

myoepithelial cells

- sweat glands that secrete directly onto skin - lots in the palms and soles of feet - secretion is watery, contains electrolytes - merocrine secretion (thru exocytosis)

eccrine/merocrine sweat glands

- visible portion of the nail | - made of dead, keratinized cells packed together

nail body

the two structures that that bind the nail body to the finger

lateral nail folds, lateral nail grooves

the nail body covers this area of epidermis

nail bed

thickened stratum basale in the nail bed that obscures visible blood vessels, shaped like crescent

lunula (luna, moon)

where nail production occurs; lies very close to bone of fingertip

nail root

portion of stratum corneum of the nail root that extends over the exposed nail

eponychium/cuticle | "epi = over, "onyx" = nail

free edge of nail extends over this area of thickened stratum corneum

hyponychium | "hypo" = under, "onyx" = nail

steroid hormone released during times of stress; loosen the connection b/w keratinocytes

glucocorticoids

hormones released from the thyroid that maintain normal blood flow to the integument

thyroid hormones

these hormones can speed epidermal cell division and thickness; can increase number of dendritic cells that help with fighting cancer and pathogens

sex hormones

this hormone can stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen synthesis; helps with basal cell division, thicker epidermis, wound repair

growth hormone (GH)

this growth factor promotes basal cell division, keratin production, and epidermal development and repair

epithelial growth factor (EGF)

-UV radiation actually helps with synthesis of this important vitamin

cholecalciferol/ vitamin D-3 - allows for synthesis of hormone called calcitriol (aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestines)

condition that develops when a child doesn't get enough vitamin D-3 (cholecalciferol); bones are flexible and poorly mineralized

rickets

4 phases of in skin regeneration after injury

inflammation migration proliferation scarring

these are formed when scar tissue forms beyond the site where tissue repair was needed

keloids