Cellular organization Flashcards by Hillary Turner

three main functions of Golgi aparatus

plasma membrane renewal
secretion vesicles
lysosomes

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movement of molecules into cell that requires ATP

active transport

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extensions of PM, increase surface area to aid in absorbing nutrients, etc from outside cell

microvilli

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material found inside the plasma membrane of the cell, made up of cytosol (intracellular fluid) and organelles

cytoplasm

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structures that are bound to inside or outside of PM, can easily separate
have regulatory or enzymatic functions

peripheral proteins

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the nitrogenous bases in DNA/RNA

A -denine
T - thymine
(U - racil) instead of T in RNA

C - ytosine
G - uanine

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effects of an osmotic solution on a cell

tonicity

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organelle that stores, alters and packages synthesized products such as proteins

Golgi apparatus

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when materials move into our out of the cell in vesicles (small membranous sacs)

vesicular transport

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period of cell life when cell performs normal functions and grows; chromosomes are duplicated

interphase

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triplets of nitrogenous bases that bind to mRNA codons

anticodons

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noncoding sequences of RNA that are snipped out

introns

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the formation of a linear chain of amino acids, using info from mRNA strand

translation

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another name for the triplets of nitrogenous bases that identify specific amino acids in mRNA

codons

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makes PM stiff and less permeable
has hydrophilic (hydroxyl group) and hydrophobic (steroid ring and nonpolar tail) parts just like PM

cholesterol

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when DNA coils to save space, it forms this

nucleosomes

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organelle that synthesizes lipids and carbs, ex. steroids like testosterone and estrogen, triglycerides in liver and fat cells

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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organelle that breaks down organic substances and neutralizes toxins generated in that process

peroxisomes

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enzymatic pathway that breaks down the pyruvate absorbed by the mitochondria into carbon dioxide and hydrogen

citric acid cycle

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form of transport of molecules into the cell that does not require ATP, but does require a carrier protein

facilitated diffusion

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DNA replication occurs during this phase within interphase

S phase

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develops when cancer causes unrestricted cell division

tumor or neoplasm

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period of cell life when copies of chromosomes are given to two daughter cells

mitosis

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link between mRNA and amino acids

tRNA

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process of cells become specialized

cellular differentiation

sequence of events in protein synthesis, simplified

1. DNA triplets determine sequence of mRNA codons 2. mRNA condons determine sequence of tRNA 3. sequence of tRNAs determines sequence of amino acids in the protein

importing of extracellular materials in vesicles called endosomes

endocytosis

when the two daughter cells are physically separated from each other

cytokinesis

loosely coiled DNA in a cell that is not dividing

chromatin

organelles that are surrounded by a membrane w/in the cytosol

membranous organelles

RNA that brings complimentary RNA nucleotides to DNA that has been activated

mRNA ( messenger)

carrier proteins that actively transport cations - sodium,p potassium, calcium, and magnesium - across PM

ion pumps

organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA in the nucleus

nucleoli

intracellular stuctures inside cell that perform specific functions

organelles

organelle that contains digestive enzymes; breaks down organic compounds, damaged organelles, or pathogens

lysosomes

solution that causes water to flow into a cell

hypotonic

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable barrier such as the PM

osmosis

extension of cytoplasm that reaches around an object that is going to enter cell through phagocytosis

pseudopodium

proteins that can attach the cell to other structures

anchoring

proteins that allow the immune system to recognize the cell

recognition

proteins that bind to specific extracellular molecules called ligands; effects cells activities

receptor

number of nitrogenous bases needed to form an amino acid

three

tightly coiled DNA in a cell that is beginning cell division

chromosome

enzyme that assembles strand of mRNA after attaching to the template strand of DNA

RNA polymerase

site where two copies of chromosomes are held together

centromere

when a red blood cell in hypertonic solution shrivels and dehydrates

crenation

made of microfilaments or microtubules, offers structure to cell and aids in movement of materials w/in cells

cytoskeleton

occurs as amino acids are added one by one to a growing polypeptide chain

elongation

organelle that synthesizes proteins

ribosomes

structures that are embedded in the PM, cannot be removed w/out damaging cell some contain openings for materials to pass through

integral proteins

cell division that results in two daughter cells, each containing complete set of 46 chromosomes

mitosis

genetically controlled cell death, "cell suicide"

apoptosis

when a carrier protein moves more than one substance across the PM at the same time

cotransport

process that mitochondria performs when it takes in glucose and oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

aerobic metabolism

small and large ribosomal units are joined around the mRNA and tRNA at start of translation, forms this

initiation complex

offers structure to nucleus, contains DNA and RNA nucleotides and ions

nucleoplasm

organelle that stores and processes genetic information; controls protein synthesis

nucleus

vesicular transport that allows solid objects to enter cell

phagocytosis, forms phagosomes instead of endosomes

double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

organelle that has ribosomes on its membrane, modifies and packages proteins then sends them to Golgi

rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

occurs when the stop codon is reached during translation, and translation is caused to stop

termination

illness that occurs when normal control mechanisms that regulate rates of cell division are disrupted

cancer

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

transcription

organelles that are not enclosed by a membrane

nonmembranous organelles

proteins that form passageway all the way through the PM so materials can cross

channel

carrier protein that moves two substances in opposite directions across the PM

exchange pump, process is called counterstransport

organelle that produces majority of ATP used by the cell; "powerhouse"

mitochondrion

passive movement of a substance from higher concentration to lower concentration

diffusion

process that uncoils a portion of DNA so that the cell can be changed

gene activation

strand of DNA that is used to synthesize RNA

template strand

solution that does NOT cause flow of water into or out of a cell

isotonic

extracellular fluid found in most tissues

interstitial fluid

proteins that transport materials across the PM

carrier

solution that causes water to flow out of a cell

hypertonic

hydrophobic tails face each other on inside, hydrophilic heads face out, forming two layers

phospholipid bilayer

fertilized ovum (egg)

zygote

barrier b/w cytoplasm inside the cell and outside of cell

plasma membrane

carbohydrates on the outside of the PM; part of glycoproteins and glyolipids; helps with cell recognition, binding to extracellular structures, and lubrication of cell surface

glycocalyx

passageways that allow communication between nucleus and cytosol; regulate ions and small molecules passing through

nuclear pores

coding sequences of RNA that are spliced together after introns are removed

exons

vesicular transport that allows fluids to enter the cell, "cell drinking"

pinocytosis (think pino like wine, you drink it)

when a cell in hypotonic solution bursts due to to much water inside

hemolysis

chain of amino acids

polypeptide (poly = many, peptide = amino acid)