Integumentary System

Question 1

Integumentary System

Answer 1

Encloses internal body structures; site of many sensory receptors; thermoregulation; vitamin D synthesis - Main Organs: Hair, Skin, Nails

Question 2

Function #1 - Protection

Answer 2

Protects against wind, water, UV sunlight, water loss, and abrasive activity due to contact with grit, microbes, or harmful chemicals.

Question 3

Function #2 - Sensory Function

Answer 3

The skin acts as a sense organ because the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis contain specialized sensory nerve structures that detect touch, surface temperature, and pain.

Question 4

Function #3 - Thermoregulation

Answer 4

Helps regulate body temperature through its tight association with the sympathetic nervous system, the division of the nervous system involved in our fight-or-flight responses.

Question 5

Function #4 - Vitamin D Synthesis

Answer 5

Synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation. In the presence of sunlight, a form of vitamin D3 called cholecalciferol is synthesized in the skin. Vitamin D is essential for normal absorption of calcium and phosphorous, which are required for healthy bones.

Question 6

Skin

Answer 6

Made of multiple layers of cells and tissues, which are held to underlying structures by connective tissue.

Question 7

Keratinocyte

Answer 7

A cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin.

Question 8

Keratin

Answer 8

An intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties.

Question 9

Thick Skin

Answer 9

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale (only on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet) (Come Let’s Get Sun Burn)

Question 10

Thin Skin

Answer 10

Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

Question 11

Epidermis

Answer 11

Most superficial layer - mostly made up of flat, scale-like cells called squamous cells

Question 12

Dermis

Answer 12

Inner layer of the two main layers of the skin - contains connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures

Question 13

Hypodermis

Answer 13

Connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles - consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue

Question 14

Stratum Corneum

Answer 14

Most superficial layer - cells in this layer are shed periodically and are replaced by cells pushed up from the stratum granulosum

Question 15

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 15

Smooth, translucent layer of cells lying superficial to the stratum granulosum and under the stratum corneum especially in thickened parts of the epidermis - palms of hand and soles of feet

Question 16

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 16

A layer of granular nondividing cells lying immediately above the stratum basale in most parts of the epidermis

Question 17

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 17

The layers of prickle cells over the layer of the stratum basale capable of undergoing mitosis

Question 18

Stratum Basale

Answer 18

Consists of a single row of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells that continually divide and replace the rest of the epidermis as it wears away

Question 19

5 Layers of the Epidermis (superficial to deep)

Answer 19

Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale

Question 20

Hair

Answer 20

A keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis

Question 21

Hair Follicle

Answer 21

Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis

Question 22

Hair Shaft

Answer 22

The part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this is exposed at the skin’s surface

Question 23

Hair Root

Answer 23

lies below the surface of the skin

Question 24

Free Edge (nail)

Answer 24

Protects the tips of our fingers and toes - formed on the nail bed

Question 25

Lunula (little moon)

Answer 25

Thick layer of epithelium over the nail matrix forms a crescent-shaped region

Question 26

Eponychium (cuticle)

Answer 26

The nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body

Question 27

Nail Root

Answer 27

A matrix of proliferating cells from the stratum basale that enables the nail to grow continuously

Question 28

Pores

Answer 28

Where sweat is released - found on surface

Question 29

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Answer 29

Oiled glands lying deep in the dermis, with the duct rising up to a pore on the skin surface, where the sweat is released - found all over your skin but many are in the palms of your hands

Question 30

Eccrine Sweat Glands

Answer 30

Larger than eccrine sweat glands and lie deeper in the dermis, sometimes even reaching the hypodermis, with the duct normally emptying into the hair follicle - usually associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas, such as armpits and genital regions

Question 31

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 31

A type of skin cancer that in basal cells - often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin

Question 32

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 32

Caused by a combination of sun exposure over time and your individual genetics.

Question 33

Melanoma

Answer 33

A type of skin cancer that develops when melanocytes start to grow out of control.

Question 34

Eczema

Answer 34

An itchy inflammation of the skin.

Question 35

Acne

Answer 35

Acne is a skin condition that occurs when hair follicles plug with oil and dead skin cells.

Question 36

1st Degree Skin Burns

Answer 36

First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin - the burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters.

Question 37

2nd Degree Skin Burns

Answer 37

Affects the first and second layers of skin - often looks wet or moist.

Question 38

3rd Degree Skin Burns

Answer 38

Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. These burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears white or charred and there is no sensation in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.

Question 39

4th Degree Skin Burns

Answer 39

These burns go through both layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as deeper tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone - there is no feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed

Question 40

Stretch Marks

Answer 40

Indented, reddened streaks that usually appear on the skin from rapid weight gain or from weight changes

Question 41

Calluses and Corns

Answer 41

Calluses and corns are thickened areas of skin caused by rubbing or pressure - the outer layer of skin thickens to protect the bone under the skin with extra padding