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Anatomy 101 > Integumentary sys > Flashcards

Integumentary sys Flashcards

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1
Q

integumentary system ?

A

skin and accessory structures (hair, glands, nails)
• covers entire body surface
• contains all four tissue types
• boundary between body and external environments

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2
Q

Function of skin

A
  • protection – against: abrasion, ultraviolet light exposure, dehydration, entry of microorganisms
  • sensation – specialized sensory receptors detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, proprioception (awareness of body position)
  • temperature regulation - via changes in skin blood flow and sweat gland activity
  • defence – contains cells of immune system
  • vitamin D production
  • excretion – removal of small amounts of waste products
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3
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

contains the 2 major tissue layer
o epidermis = superficial epithelium
o dermis = underlying connective tissue
♣ accessory structures located in dermis and protrude through epidermis to surface

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4
Q

hypodermis

A

o hypodermis (superficial fascia) = loose connective tissue

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5
Q

epidermis

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium (Fig 4.3)
  • separated from dermis by basal lamina
  • no blood vessels
  • cells receive nutrients and excrete wastes products by diffusion
  • 4 cells types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans and Merkel cells
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6
Q

keratinocytes

A
  1. most numerous cell type
    o produce keratin = protein mixture that makes cell more durable
    o aids in ability to resist abrasion and reduce water loss
    o can obtain melanosomes (pigment granules) through phagocytosis of the tips of melanocytes
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7
Q

stem cells of epidermis

A

o located in the deepest layer (stratum basale) of the epidermis continually undergo mitosis
♣ new cells push older cells toward the surface
♣ change shape and chemical composition as they move from deeper epidermal layers to surface

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8
Q

keratinization

A

accumulation of keratin results in five epidermal layers (strata)

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9
Q

stratum basale

A

♣ = deepest layer
• single layer of cuboidal stem cells that undergo mitosis
• firmly attached to basal lamina
• desmosomes (specialized cell junctions) hold keratinocytes together
• projects into dermis forming dermal ridges (Fig 4.5)
o ridge pattern determined genetically and forms unique fingerprints
o dermal projections toward epidermis = dermal papillae

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10
Q

stratum spinosum

A

♣ 8-10 layers of many-sided cells
• flatten as they progress upward
• contain tonofibrils = bundles of protein filaments
act as cross braces, strengthening and supporting cell junctions

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11
Q

stratum granulosum

A

♣ 2-5 layers of flattened, and elongated diamond-shaped cells that orient parallel to the surface

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12
Q

callus

A

o localized thickening of skin

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13
Q

forms large quantities of …. in stratum granulosum ?

A

keratohyalin
non-membrane bound protein granules, and keratin
- increase friction against skin stimulates synthesis

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14
Q

lamellar bodies

A

• lipid-filled, membrane-bound organelles exocytosed

o coats cells and forms water-resistant layer but prevents diffusion of nutrients to more superficial layers

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15
Q

stratum lucidum

A

♣ thin clear zone containing several layers of dead cells with indistinct borders
o only found in thick skin (Fig 4.4)
♣ areas subject to pressure or friction – palms of hands, soles of feet, and fingertips

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16
Q

stratum corneum

A

few layers in thin skin to 25 or more layers of dead, dehydrated cells lacking nucleus and organelles in thick skin

17
Q

cornfield cells

A

overlapping dead overlapping cells with a hard protein envelope filled with keratin
part of stratum corner

18
Q

stratum corneum (shedding)

A

♣ cells shed in large groups or sheets due to connections (desmosomes) between cells
♣ dry – unsuitable for growth of many microorganisms

19
Q

how many days for new cells to arrive to surface

A

o akes 15-30 days to cell to move from stratum basale to surface
♣ cells stay at surface for about 2 weeks before being sloughed off

20
Q

psoriasis

A

• arises from malfunction of keratinization process
o stems cells in stratum basale unusually active
• affected areas have red bases and large scales of epidermis that are sloughed off

21
Q

melanocytes

A
  1. found between keratinocytes within the two deepest layers of the epidermis
    o irregularly shaped with long processes
    o found in high concentration in freckles, moles, the nipples, areolae of the breasts
    o produce melanin = group of pigments responsible for skin, hair and eye colour
    ♣ packaged in vesicles called melanosomes
    ♣ provides protection against ultraviolet light
22
Q

langerhans cells

A
  1. resident dendritic cells (immune cells) found in the skin

o have phagocytic ability and secretes substances that activate other cells of the immune system

23
Q

merkel cells

A
  1. specialized epidermal cells associated with sensory nerve endings
    o responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure
24
Q

skin colour , combination of

A

o dermal blood flow – hemoglobin produces red tint
o thickness of stratum corneum - thick versus thin skin
o variable quantities of pigment

25
Q

carotene

A

♣ yellow/orange pigment that accumulates in keratinocytes

• becomes evident in dehydrated cells of stratum corneum

26
Q

melanin

A

♣ produced by melanocytes and passed via melanosomes to keratinocytes
• genetic factors responsible for variation in skin colour among races
o all races have approximately the same number of melanocytes
♣ differ in size, number, distribution and type of melanin within melanosomes
o many genes responsible for skin colour

27
Q

albinism

A

o recessive genetic trait that results in lack of tyrosinase – the enzyme required to make melanin so lack pigment in skin, hair and irises of eyes

28
Q

exposure to UV light

A

o absorbs UV light
o darkens the melanin already present in skin
o stimulates melanin production

29
Q

hormones can increase what ?

A

• can increase melanin production during pregnancy or in disease states
o estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone in pregnant females

30
Q

Addisons disease

A

increased adrenocorticotropic hormones

31
Q

dermis

A

underlies the epidermis

32
Q

dermis : what is it ?

A
  • connective tissue containing fibroblasts, a few adipocytes, and macrophages
  • collagen is the main connective tissue fiber but also contains elastin and reticular fibers
  • contains: some blood vessels, a variety of sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels
33
Q

dermis is divided by :

A

• divided into two layers:
papillary layer = loose connective tissue with thin fibers

reticular layer = dense irregular connective tissue

34
Q

papillary layer

A

loose connective tissue with thin fibers
o more superficial layer containing dermal papillae – projections that extend toward the epidermis
o contains capillaries – smallest blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the epidermis
o lie in parallel curving ridges in the thick skin of the hands and soles of the feet and shape the overlying epidermis
♣ increase friction and improve grip
♣ form unique fingerprints and footprints

35
Q

reticular layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue
o main layer of the dermis
o continuous with subcutaneous tissue
o resists stretching in many directions
o orientation of elastin and collagen fibers in some directions more than others
♣ produces tension (cleavage) lines (Fig 4.8)
• important consideration when suturing cut or tear to reduce chance of gapping, infection, and scarring

36
Q

age, hormones and destructive effects of UV radiation reduce

A

o reduce thickness and flexibility of dermis

37
Q

stretch marks

A

♣ rinkles and creases formed when skin overstretched
• elastin and collagen fibers in dermis rupture
• skin does not recoil to original size leaving lines visible through the epidermis

38
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

not part of the skin but skin rests on top of it
• hypodermis or superficial fascia
• loose connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages
• supplies blood vessels and nerves to skin
• amount of adipose in the subcutaneous layer varies with age, sex and diet
o stores approximately half the lipids of the body
o insulates body
o pads (protects) underlying structures
o energy source

Anatomy 101 (14 decks)

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