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Anatomy 101 > bones > Flashcards

bones Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints
• framework that help maintain body shape and allow movement
• bones very strong and can resist tremendous bending and compression forces without breaking

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2
Q

fracture

A

crack or break produced by extreme loads, sudden impacts, or stresses from unusual directions
- named according to external appearance, location and nature of crack or break

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3
Q

closed (simple) fractures

A

completely internal, seen only by x-rays and do not break the skin

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4
Q

displaced fractures

A

produce new and abnormal arrangements

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5
Q

non-displaced fractures

A

retain normal alignment of bone

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6
Q

transverse fractures

A

break in bone shaft across its long axis

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7
Q

compression fractures

A

occur in the vertebrae

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8
Q

spiral fractures

A

♣ produced by twisting stresses that spread along length of bone

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9
Q

epiphyseal fractures

A

♣ at growth plate where bone matrix is undergoing calcification

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10
Q

commuted fractures

A

shattering of affected area into multiple bony fragments

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11
Q

greenstick fractures

A

♣ only one side of the shaft is broken, other is bent – typically seen in children

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12
Q

Colles fracture

A

♣ break in distal portion of radius – typical result of reaching out to cushion fall

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13
Q

Pott’s fracture

A

break at ankle affecting both tibia and fibula

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14
Q

open (compound) fractures

A

project through the skin and more dangerous due to possibility of infection or uncontrolled bleeding

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15
Q

Classification of Bone is based on …

A

• based on shape

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16
Q

flat

A

o thin parallel surfaces of compact bone with spongy bone in center – skull bones, ribs, scapulae

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17
Q

sutural (Wormian)

A

small, flat bones found between sutures (joints) of skull

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18
Q

pneumatized bone –

A

contain numerous air pocket – ethmoid bone

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19
Q

short bones

A

boxlike appearance and interior contains spongy bone – carpal and tarsal bones

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20
Q

sesamoid bones

A

o small, rounded, flat bones found between tendons of joints – patella

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21
Q

long bones –

A

o long and slender and have medullary cavity – bones of upper and lower limbs

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22
Q

irregular bones –

A

vertebrae, coxal bones

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23
Q

what are bone markings ?

A

o fixed landmarks that help determine position of soft tissue components
o based on distinctive shape of bone

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24
Q

process ?

A

♣ projection or bump

a bone marking

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25
Q

ramus

A

♣ extension of bone making an angle to the rest of the structure
(a bone marking)

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26
Q

name elevations and projections where ligaments and tendons are attached to

A 
tubercle = small, rounded projection 
tuberosity = rough projection 
crest = prominent ridge 
spine = pointed process 
line = low ridge
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27
Q

name where the bone articulates with adjacent bones

A

♣ head = expanded articular end of long bone
♣ facet = small, flat articular surface
♣ condyle = smooth, rounded articular surface
♣ trochlea = smooth, grooved articular surface shaped like a pulley

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28
Q

o depressions, grooves, tunnels, and chamber are where ..

A

where muscles, nerves and blood vessels lie and/or penetrate bone, or air is located

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29
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression

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30
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove

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31
Q

meatus or canal

A

passageway though the bone

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32
Q

fissure

A

elongated cleft

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33
Q

foramen

A

rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

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34
Q

sinus or antrum

A

chambers within bone filled with air

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35
Q

how many bones are there in the adult skeleton ?

A

206 bones in adult skeleton

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36
Q

what are the major sub-divisions in bones ?

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

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37
Q

Axial skeleton consist of …

A

skull and associated bones, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

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38
Q

what are the function of the axial skeleton ?

A
  • protects brain and spinal cord and vital organs within the thorax
  • attachment site for muscles that allow stabilization of body and positional and respiratory movements
  • red marrow of vertebrae, sternum and ribs produce blood cells
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39
Q

the skull contains how many bones ?

A

contains 22 separate bones

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40
Q

the skull houses what ?

A

• houses special sense organs – eyes (vision), ears (hearing, equilibrium), tongue and palate (taste), nose (smell)

41
Q

the cranium has how many bones ?

A

= 8 bones that enclose cranial cavity

42
Q

what is the the function of the cranium ?

A

o surrounds and protects brain

43
Q

how do you call the skull cap ?

A

calvaria (cranial vault)
top of the skull
includes the occipital, parietal and frontal bones

44
Q

the facial bones has how many bones ?

A

14 bones

45
Q

function of the facial bones ?

A

o protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tract

46
Q

facial bones : mandible

A

o mandible detaches readily from rest of the skull

47
Q

what are sutures ?

A

immovable joints and mark the boundaries between skull bones

48
Q

what makes up the associated bones ?

A
  • auditory ossicles

* hyoid bone

49
Q

auditory ossicles , what is it ?

and function ?

A

smallest bones of the body located within each temporal bone
o 3 for each ear (incus, malleus, stapes)
o magnify and transfer sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear

50
Q

hyoid bone . what is it ?

and function

A

inferior to skull (superior aspect of neck just below the mandible)
o only bone that does not articulate with others
o attachment site for muscles associated with movement of tongue and larynx (“voice box”)
o bone that is broken by strangulation

51
Q

bones of the cranium ?

A

• occipital bone (1), parietal bones (2), frontal bone (1), temporal bones (2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

52
Q

lambdoid suture ?

A

joins occipital bone posteriorly located to parietal bones

 occasionally extra sutural (Wormian) bones form along suture

53
Q

saggital suture ?

A

joins 2 halves of parietal bones together along the midline of the skull
 runs between lambdoid suture posteriorly and coronal suture anteriorly

54
Q

o Coronal suture –

A

runs across the superior surface of the cranium joining the parietal bones posteriorly to the frontal bone anteriorly
 joined to parietal bones by coronal suture

55
Q

How many Squamous sutures are there ?

A

there is 2

56
Q

o Squamous sutures

A

runs along each side of the cranium and join the parietal bones (2) superiorly to the temporal bones (2) inferiorly

57
Q

o Frontonasal suture

A

boundary between superior aspect of nasal bones (2) of face and inferior aspect of frontal bone of cranium

58
Q

what is a fontanels ? Purpose of it ?

A

present in fetal and infant skulls
o fibrous connective tissue connecting cranial bones prior to formation of sutures
 flexible and skull can be distorted without damage during delivery
 allows growth of brain and skull
 sutures completed by age 5

59
Q

parietal bones ? It has …

A

o superior and inferior temporal lines – external surface

 attachment points of temporalis muscle – a major muscle that closes the month

60
Q

Frontal bone , major features ?

A

o starts as two bones that fuse at frontal suture – suture usually disappears by age 8
o squamous part = convex anterior surface (forehead)

61
Q

frontal bone, supercilliary arches

A

thickened ridges above the supra-orbital margins that support eyebrows

62
Q

superior orbital margins

A

o end of frontal part and superior limits of orbits
♣ supra-orbital foramen or notch – center of supraorbital margin
• for supra-orbital artery and ophthalmic nerve
(frontal bone)

63
Q

orbital part

A

o roof of each orbit

♣ lacrimal fossa = location of lacrimal gland

64
Q

frontal sinuses

A

air pockets that vary in size and time of development (usually beginning after age 6)

65
Q

temporal bones ?

A

o form lateral and inferior walls of cranium and zygomatic arches of cheek
o articulates with mandible, zygomatic, parietal, sphenoid and occipital bones
o protects sense organs of inner ear

66
Q

squamous part of temporal bone

A

o lateral portion joined to parietal bone by squamous suture
♣ inferior margin - zygomatic process (anterior projecting) of the temporal bone
• joins with the temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch (“cheekbone”)

67
Q

mandibular fossa

A

o site of articulation with mandible
♣ located inferior to zygomatic process
(temporal bone)

68
Q

external auditory meatus

A

o canal) – posterior and lateral to mandibular fossa
♣ transmits sound waves toward tympanic membrane of ear
(temporal bone)

69
Q

mastoid process

A

o posterior and inferior to external auditory meatus
♣ projection of bone filled with air cavities = mastoid air cells
♣ mastoid air cells connected to middle ear
♣ attachment site of neck muscles that rotate head
(temporal bone)

70
Q

petrous part

A

o thick bony ridge on interior and inferior to squamous part

♣ hollow and contains the middle (containing auditory ossicles) and inner ears

71
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

(auditory canal) – carries blood vessels and nerves to inner ear
petrous part

72
Q

carotid canal

A

♣ anterior and medial to jugular fossa (anterior half of jugular foramen)
• passageway for internal carotid artery (main blood supply to brain)
♣ thin plate of bone separates the carotid canal from the middle ear allowing person to hear their own heartbeat (pulsing of carotid blood flow) when frightened or after running

73
Q

styloid processes

petrous part

A

♣ long pointed projection of bone from the floor of the temporal bone
= bony attachment for muscles that move tongue, pharynx and larynx

74
Q

sphenoid bone

A

o articulates with all cranial bones and palatine, zygomatic, maxilla and vomer bones of facial complex
shaped like a giant bat with wing extending from one side to the other across floor of cranium

75
Q

sella turcica

A

o central prominence on superior surface of sphenoid bone
♣ cradles pituitary gland
(sphenoid bone)

76
Q

greater wings of sphenoid bone

A

o extend laterally from sella turcica and immediately anterior to temporal bone
♣ foramen rotundum – medially and anteriorly located
♣ foramen ovale – laterally and posteriorly located
• carry blood vessels and nerves to structures of orbit, face and jaws

77
Q

lesser wings of sphenoid bone

A

o ridge and wings anterior to sella turcica form that articulates with frontal bone
♣ optic groove = transverse groove with optic canals carries optic nerve from eyes to brain
♣ superior orbital fissure – inferior surface forming part of orbit and passageway for blood vessels and nerves

78
Q

pterygoid processes

A

o vertical projections from inferior surface between greater and lesser wings
♣ medial and lateral plates attachment site for muscles that help move the mandible and soft palate

79
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

o forms anteromedial floor of cranium and part of orbital wall

80
Q

cribriform plate

A

o superior portion of ethmoid bone
♣ contains cribriform foramina – tiny sieve-like perforations
• allows passage of olfactory (smell) sensory nerve endings to enter from the nasal cavity and coalesce to form the olfactory bulbs

(part of ethmoid bone)

81
Q

crista galli

A

o prominent ridge separating right and left sides of cribriform plate
♣ attachment point for dura mater = thick connective tissue and outermost of the meninges
(part of ethmoid bone)

82
Q

nasal conchae (superior and middle)

A

o bony shelves that increase surface area in nasal cavity
♣ turbulent air movement facilitates moistening, warming and removal of particles in inhaled air, facilitates exposure to olfactory endings
(part of ethmoid bone)

83
Q

perpendicular plate –

A

forms part of nasal septum

part of ethmoid bone

84
Q

Cranial Fossae

A

depressions found in the floor of the cranium

consist of anterior , middle and posterior cranial fossa

85
Q

anterior cranial fossa

A

• frontal, ethmoid and greater wings of sphenoid bones

o cradles frontal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

86
Q

middle cranial fossa

A

• sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones – contains several important foramen
o houses temporal lobes of cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus) and anterior portion of brain stem (mesencephalon)

87
Q

posterior cranial fossa

A

• mainly formed by the occipital bone (contributions from temporal and parietal bones)
o supports occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and posterior brain stem (pons and medulla oblongata)

88
Q

Facial Bones

A

• Maxilla (upper jaw) (Fig 6.12) – anterior and inferior to zygomatic bone
o orbital surface = protection for the eye

89
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

o passageway for major sensory nerve from face and penetrates orbit rim

90
Q

frontal process

A

articulates with frontal bone and nasal bone

91
Q

alveolar process

A

contains superior set of teeth

92
Q

maxillary sinuses

A

o largest sinuses of skull

93
Q

palatine processes

A

o form most of the bony palate (roof) of the mouth
♣ cleft lip – occurs when maxillary bones don’t form normally
♣ cleft palate – occurs when palatine processes of maxillary bones don’t fuse with one another
• produces opening between oral and nasal cavities making it difficult to eat, drink or speak

94
Q

Palatine bones

A

• small L-shaped bones that articulate with the maxillae to form posterior portions of bony palate
o nasal crest – articulates with vomer bone

95
Q

Nasal bones

A

• articulates with frontal bone superiorly and maxillae laterally
o cartilage attaches to inferior margin

96
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

paired scroll-like bones attached to palatine bone in lateral wall of nasal cavity

97
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

• cheek bone (surface anatomy landmark)

o articulates with sphenoid bone posteriorly, temporal bone laterally and maxillae medially

98
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

• sits medially in orbit and articulates with frontal bone, maxilla and ethmoid
o lacrimal groove leads to lacrimal canal formed by maxilla and lacrimal bone and encloses tear duct that empties into nasal cavity

99
Q

vomer bone

A

forms inferior portion of nasal septum

Anatomy 101 (14 decks)

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