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Anatomy 101 > Appendicular muscles > Flashcards

Appendicular muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

Appendicular Muscles

A

• muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limb; and muscles of pelvic girdle and lower limb
deep fascia extends between bones and superficial fascia and separates muscles and soft tissues of upper limb and lower limbs into compartments

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2
Q

compartment syndrome

A

o when crushing injury, severe contusion or strain occurs blood vessels within one or more compartments may be damaged
♣ compartments become swollen with tissue, fluid and blood from damaged vessels
♣ escaped fluid cannot escape and pressure rises within affected compartments
♣ pressure compresses regional blood vessels – produces ischemia
• eliminating circulatory supply to muscles and nerves of compartment
o nerves destroyed after 2-4 hours, muscles after 6 hours

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3
Q

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb Muscles

A

muscles that position the pectoral girdle, move the arm, move the forearm and hand, move the hand and fingers

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4
Q

• Muscles that Position the Pectoral girdle

A

o pectoral girdle not locked to axial skeleton
o muscle connections position pectoral girdle, work in coordination with muscle of the arm and act as shock absorbers
o attachment of scapula to thorax (Fig 11.5, 11.6, Table 11.1) - trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids (major and minor), serratus anterior, pectoralis minor
♣ move and/or fixate scapula permitting wide range of movements of upper limbs

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5
Q

trapezius

A

♣ large triangular muscle covering back and portions of muscular ridge in superficial posterior part of neck
• origin = occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T-12; insertion = clavicle, acromion process and scapular spine
• innervated by more than one nerve allowing specific regions of muscle to contract independently allowing varied actions
elevates or depresses, retracts, or rotates scapula and/or clavicle upward; extends neck

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6
Q

levator scapulae

A

♣ origin = transverse processes of C1-C4; insertion = superior vertebral border of scapula
• elevates scapula

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7
Q

rhomboids (major and minor

A

♣ origin = spinous processes C7-T5; insertion = vertebral border of scapula
• adducts (retracts) and rotates scapula downward (shoulders back)

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8
Q

serratus anterior

A

♣ – origin = anterior and superior margins of first 8 ribs; insertion = anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
• abducts (protracts) and rotates scapula upward (shoulders forward)

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9
Q

pectoralis minor

A

♣ origin = anterior and superior margins of ribs 2-5; insertion = coracoid process of scapula
• depresses, abducts (protracts) and rotates scapula downward

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10
Q

attachement to clavicle

subclavius

A

o attachment to clavicle – trapezius, subclavius
♣ subclavius – origin = first rib; insertion = inferior border of clavicle
depresses clavicle; depresses and protracts scapula

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11
Q

Muscles that Move the Arm

A

o humerus attached to thorax by several muscles

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12
Q

deltoid _

A

arm muscle
♣ origin: clavicle, acromion process and scapular spine; insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
• major abductor of arm; anterior fibers - flexion and medial rotation; posterior fibers - extension and lateral rotation of humerus (arm/shoulder)

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13
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

arm muscle
♣ hold head of humerus to glenoid cavity of scapula
• form cup or cuff over proximal humerus
• 3 insert onto greater tubercle of humerus, 1 to lesser tubercle
o teres minor – origin = lateral border of scapula; lateral rotation and adducts humerus
o infraspinatus – origin = infraspinous fossa of scapula; lateral rotation of humerus
o supraspinatus – origin = supraspinous fossa of scapula; abducts humerus
o subscapularis – origin = subscapular fossa of scapula; medial rotation of humerus
• powerful repetitive arm movements can produce damage to one or more muscles or their tendons

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14
Q

teres major

A

♣ origin = inferior angle of scapula; insertion = intertubercular sulcus of humerus
• medial rotation and adducts humerus

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15
Q

pectoralis major

A

♣ origin: clavicle, sternum, six costal cartilages; insertion: lateral crest of the intertubercular sulcus of humerus
• flexion, adduction and medial rotation of humerus

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16
Q

coracobrachialis

A

♣ origin: coracoid process of scapula; insertion: medial margin shaft of humerus
• flexion and adduction of humerus

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17
Q

latissimus dorsi –

A

♣ origin spinous process of T7-L5 and ribs 8-12; insertion = intertubercular sulcus of humerus
• extension, adduction and medial rotation of humerus

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18
Q

Muscles the Move the Forearm and Hand

A

o most of muscles originate on humerus and insert on forearm and wrist
produce extension and flexion of the elbow, and supination and pronation of the forearm and hand

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19
Q

triceps brachii (forearm + hand)

A 
o	triceps brachii (and aconeus) (Fig 11.10) = main mass visible on posterior aspect of arm
origin: 3 heads – long head = infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, lateral head = lateral margin of humerus, medial head = posterior surface of humerus; insertion: olecranon process of ulna 
♣	extends ulna (elbow); long head – extension and adduction of humerus
tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) – repetitive and forceful use of forearm extensor muscles, treatment = RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) and anti-inflammatory meds
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20
Q

o biceps brachii

A

o biceps brachii (Fig 11.8) = anterior aspect of arm
origin: long head - supragleniod tubercle of scapula, short head – coracoid process of scapula; insertion: radial tuberosity (medial side of radius)
♣ flexes shoulder and elbow, supinates forearm and hand

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21
Q

branchialis

A

o branchialis (Fig 11.8) = deep to biceps brachii – seen as mass on medial and lateral sides of arm
origin: distal half anterior surface of humerus; insertion: ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process
flexes elbow

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22
Q

brachioradialis

A

o = bulge on anterolateral side of forearm just distal to elbow,
origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus; insertion: styloid process of radius
♣ flexes elbow

23
Q

Flexors of the wrist

A

♣ superficial muscles on anterior surface of forearm
♣ medial to lateral = flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis
♣ origin = medial epicondyle of humerus; insertion = carpal bones, bases of metacarpals, palmar aponeurosis and flexor reticulum
• flex wrist; radialis - abducts wrist; ulnaris – adducts wrist

24
Q

Extensors of the wrist

A

♣ superficial muscles on posterior surface of forearm
♣ extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
♣ origin = lateral epicondyle of humerus; insertion = bases of metacarpal bones
• extend wrist; radialis – abducts wrist; ulnaris – adducts wrist

25
Q

supinator

A

o – origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulna; insertion: radius (medial surface)
♣ supinates forearm and wrist

26
Q

pronator teres

A

o origin: medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna; insertion: radius (lateral surface)
♣ and pronator quadratus – at distal end of ulna and radius
♣ pronates forearm and wrist

27
Q

Muscles that Move the Hand and Finger movements

A

o extrinsic hand muscles = superficial and deep muscles of forearm but have tendons that extend into wrist
♣ anterior forearm muscles = flexion of fingers and thumb
• flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus – flex fingers
• flexor pollicus longus – flexion of thumb
♣ posterior forearm muscles = extension of fingers and thumb and abduction of thumb
• extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi – extends fingers
• extensor pollicus longus and brevis, abductor pollicus longus – extend and abduct thumb

28
Q

retinacula

A

o band of fibrous connective tissue that covers flexor (flexor reticulum) and extensor (extensor reticulum) tendons and their synovial tendon sheaths and holds them in place at the wrist
♣ carpal tunnel syndrome – edema or connective tissue deposition within carpal tunnel
• can restrict movement and compress median nerve resulting in tingling, burning and numbness of the hand (Clinical Note, p.296)

29
Q

intrinsic hand muscles

A

o 20 muscles entirely within the hand but no origins on phalanges
♣ adduction and abduction of fingers and thumb, opposition (and reposition) of thumb, flexion and extension at the metacarpophalangeal joints

30
Q

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

A

• involves muscles that provide movement of the thigh, leg, foot and toes
• pelvic girdle has strong skeletal connection to axial skeletal
o increases strength
o limits range of motion

31
Q

Muscles that move the Thigh

A

gluteal, lateral rotator, adductor, and iliosposas groups

o all groups originate on coxal bone (pelvis) and insert onto femur and/or iliotibial tract

32
Q

iliotibial tract

A

♣ = band of collagen fibers (dense connective tissue) that extends along the lateral surface of the thigh and inserts onto the tibia

33
Q

Gluteal group

A

– cover lateral surface of ilium

34
Q

gluteus maximus

A

♣ largest and most superficial of group
• origin: posterior and lateral surface of ilium, sacrum and coccyx, insertion: iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur
extension and laterally rotates thigh (hip); abducts thigh

35
Q

gluteus medius

A

♣ superior and lateral to gluteus maximus, common site for injections

36
Q

gluteus minimus

A

♣ deep to gluteus medius
• medius and minimus have a common origin: lateral surface of ilium, insertion: greater trochanter of femur
• abduct and medially rotate thigh

37
Q

tensor fasciae latae

A

♣ smaller muscle portion proximally that becomes large aponeurosis (iliotibial tract) distally
• origin: anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest; insertion: iliotibial tract to lateral condyle of tibia
• medially rotates thigh and stabilizes femur on tibia when standing

38
Q

lateral rotator group (6 muscles

A

o deep to gluteus maximus
♣ piriformis, obturators (2), gemelli (2), quadratus femoris
♣ origin of muscles: near acetabulum, insertion: greater trochanter of femur
♣ lateral rotation and abduction of thigh

39
Q

adductor group

A

o origins: pubis (inferior to acetabulum); insertion: medial aspect of linea aspera of femur; gracilis = medial surface of tibia – crosses 2 joints
♣ “pulled groin” = muscle tear or break in one of adductor muscles
♣ (lateral to medial) pectineus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis
♣ adduct and flex thigh; most – medial rotation; gracilis – flexion and medial rotation of knee

40
Q

iliopsoas group

A

o medial surface of pelvis
♣ psoas major and iliacus – origin = anterior surfaces and transverse processes T12-L5 and iliac fossa; insertion = lesser trochanter of femur
♣ flex thigh

41
Q

Muscles that move the Leg

A

o muscles with action lines anterior to the axis of the knee = extensors of knee
♣ collectively = quadriceps femoris (Fig 11.18)
• common insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via the petallar ligament
• knee extensors

42
Q

rectus femoris

A

• lies in center of the group of muscles
o origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
o crosses two joints - hip flexion and knee extension

43
Q

vastus intermedius

A

– lies deep to rectus femoris, origin: anterolateral surface of femur

44
Q

vastus medialis

A

most medial of group, origin: linea aspera of femur

45
Q

muscles with action lines posterior to the axis of the knee = flexors of knee

A

♣ hamstrings and sartorius (Fig 11.19)
♣ sartorius – longest muscle of body that diagonally crosses from lateral side of hip to medial side of knee
• origin: anterior superior iliac spine, insertion: medial side of tibial tuberosity
• crosses two joints – allows hip and knee flexion, lateral rotation and abduction of thigh - action required for crossing the legs

46
Q

hamstrings

A

♣ all have common origin = on ischial tuberosity, cross two joints: hip and knee and
• extend hip and flex the knee
• biceps femoris – has two heads, short head = femur, insertion: head of fibula
o laterally rotates leg
• semimembranosus – insertion: medial condyle of tibia and collateral ligament of knee;
o medially rotates leg
• semitendinosus – insertion: tibia
o medially rotates leg

47
Q

Muscles that Move Foot and Toes

A

o have extrinsic and intrinsic muscles groups
o Extrinsic muscles – produce plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion or eversion of foot, and flexion and extension of toes

48
Q

plantar flexion

A

• superficial muscle group – insertion = common tendon calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
o gastrocnemius – origin = lateral and medial condyles of femur
♣ crosses two joints - also flexes the knee
♣ together with soleus form the bulk of the calf
o soleus – origin = head and proximal shaft of fibula and posteromedial tibia
o plantaris - origin = lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
♣ crosses two joints - also flexes the knee

49
Q

• deeper muscle group - aid in plantar flexion

A

o tendons seen on the lateral side of the ankle
o fibularis longus – origin = head and proximal shaft of fibula; insertion = first metatarsal and medial cuniform
♣ main action = eversion of foot
o fibularis brevis –origin = inferior lateral margin of fibula; insertion = fifth metatarsal
♣ main action = eversion of foot
o tibialis posterior – origin = interosseous membrane and shafts of tibia and fibula;
insertion = navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and second to fourth metatarsals
♣ main action = inversion of foot

50
Q

dorsiflexion

A

• tibialis anterior – origin = lateral condyle and proximal shaft of tibia; insertion = medial cuniform and first metatarsal
o and inversion of foot

51
Q

♣ digital extensors =

A

• main extensors of phalanges aid in dorsiflexion of foot
extensor digitorum longus – origin = lateral condyle of tibia and anterior surface of fibula; insertion = superior surfaces of phalanges 2-5
• extensor halluces longus – origin = anterior surface of fibula; insertion = superior surface distal phalanyx of great toe

52
Q

♣ digital flexors (Fig 11.22)–

A

together with intrinsic muscle flex phalanges and aid in plantar flexion of foot
• flexor digitorum longus – origin = posteromedial surface of tibia; insertion = inferior surfaces phalanges 2-5
• flexor hallucis longus – origin = posterior surface fibula; insertion = inferior surface distal phalanyx of great toe

53
Q

shin splits =

A

♣ pain associated with repetitive muscle stress of muscle attached along anterior tibial and fibular surfaces
• produces inflammation, stress fractures of tibia

54
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

o 19 muscles within the foot itself (Fig 11.25, 11.26, Table 11.10)
♣ origins = tarsal and metatarsal bones; insertions = phalanges
♣ flex, abduct and adduct phalanges (minimal extension)
♣ muscles covered with thick fascia and plantar aponeurosis
♣ plantar fasciitis = inflammation of plantar aponeurosis resulting in pain over the heel and along the medial-inferior side of the foot
• cause – running on hard surface wearing poorly fitting or worn-out shoes

Anatomy 101 (14 decks)

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