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Anatomy 101 > Chapter 3 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

what are tissues ?

A

collections of specialized cells and their extracellular matrix (non-cellular extracellular substance surrounding them) that perform a relatively limited number of function.

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2
Q

what are the 4 primary tissues type ?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

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3
Q

what is microvilli ?

A

non-motile projections of the cell membrane (containing microfilaments) on most epithelia

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4
Q

what does microvilli do ?

A
  • increase surface area for absorption and secretion

* so dense in the first portion of the kidney tubule known as the “brush border”

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5
Q

cilia ?

A

motile projections on the apical surface of the cells that can sweep substances such as mucus along the tube – e.g. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea

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6
Q

what is basil lamina ?

A

o specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells (Fig 3.3)
♣ important role in tissue repair

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7
Q

what is the function or role of the epithelium ?

A
  • protection of underlying structures
  • acting as a barrier – prevents certain substances from crossing, barrier to water and limits water loss from body
  • allows passage of certain substances– readily exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide through lung epithelium and others epithelium are more selective – filtering at the kidney
  • secretion – mucus glands, sweat glands, and enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas are all composed of epithelial cells that secrete their products onto surfaces or into ducts
  • absorbing substances – contain specialized carrier proteins on their membranes that allow specific components to be transported – e.g. intestinal epithelium
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8
Q

function of connective tissue ?

A
  • enclosing and separating other tissues (packing material)
  • connecting tissues to one another – tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone)
  • supporting and aiding in the movement of the body – bony skeletal, joints between bones
  • energy/nutrient storage – adipose tissue stores fat, bones store minerals
  • cushioning and insulating – adipose tissue protects the tissue it surrounds and the insulating layer below the skin conserves heat
  • transportation – blood
  • protection – lymph with cells of the immune system, bones
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9
Q

what causes skin cancer ?

A

• most result from ultraviolet (UV) light damage
o produces mutations in genes of epidermal cells - if not repaired passed to daughter cells during mitosis
♣ if mutation present in oncogene or tumor suppressor genes – uncontrolled cell division can occur

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10
Q

amount of melanin affects likelihood of developing skin cancer –
true or false ?

A

True

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11
Q

the amount of melanin affects the likelihood of developing skin cancer ?
True or false

A

True.

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12
Q

most common area to have skin cancer ?

A

face, neck, dorsum of forearm and hand

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13
Q

amount of melanin affects likelihood of developing skin cancer –
true or false ?

A

True

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14
Q

Risk of having skin cancer increase with …

A

♣ fair-skinned individuals
♣ longer term or intense exposure to UV
♣ over 50 years of age with repeated recreational or occupational exposure to UV or history of sunburns

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15
Q

what are the different type of skin cancer ?

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

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16
Q

how to prevent skin cancer ?

A

limit sun exposure, use of broad-spectrum sunscreen of at least SPF 15

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17
Q

skin cancer is also produced by :

A

• some induced by chemicals, x-rays, depression of immune system, inflammation, genetic predisposition

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18
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

• second most common type affecting cells in stratum spinosum
o wart-like growth, persistent scaly red patch, or elevated growth with central depression
o removal or destruction of the tumor cures most cases

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19
Q

Appearance of basal cell carcinoma ?

A

o have varied appearance
♣ open sores that bleed, ooze or crust for several weeks
♣ reddish patches
♣ shiny, pearly or translucent bumps

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20
Q

What is basal cell carcinoma ?

A

• most common type affecting stratum basale

o rarely metastasize - removal or destruction of the tumor cures most cases

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21
Q

malignant melanoma

A

• least common but accounts for most skin cancer related deaths
o most are black or brown due to increased number of melanocytes
o ~ 40% develop in pre-existing moles
o treatment when confined to epidermis almost always successful
o if invades dermis and metastasizes to other parts of the body = very difficult to treat with survival rate <10%
o early detection vital

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22
Q

Burns are classified according to …

A 
o	extent (%) of surface area involved 
o	depth of burn
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23
Q

burns are …

A

= injury caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity or radiation

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24
Q

degrees of depth of burn ?

A

♣ partial-thickness burn = 1st and 2nd degree burns

♣ full-thickness burn = 3rd degree burns

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25
Q

1st degree burn ?

A

• involves epidermis only
o redness, pain, and slight edema
o sunburn, brief exposure to hot or cold objects
heals in ~1 week without scarring

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26
Q

2nd degree burn ?

A

• 2nd degree burn – involves epidermis and dermis
o minimal dermal damage
o pain, redness, edema, and blisters
o healing in approximately 2 weeks with no scarring – regeneration from epidermis in hair follicle and sweat glands and edges of wound

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27
Q

what is classified as a minor burn ?

A

= 3rd degree over <2%, or 2nd degree of <15% BSA

28
Q

treatment for burns ?

A

o aseptic environment
o antimicrobials
o intravenous fluids (to counter loss of fluids from leaky capillaries)
o high protein, high-calorie diets (needed due to hypermetabolic state)
o debridement (removal of dead tissue from the burn)
o skin grafts

29
Q

Frostbite

A

most common type of freezing injury of skin
• occurs when skin temperature drops below 0oC (32oF) and ice crystal formation damages tissues
• skin first appears pale – reduced blood flow to conserve body heat, then brief periods of red – increased blood flow due to local dilation of blood vessels, then white = total lack of blood flow to area
• as cells die – become necrotic, area can become black and swollen (activation of immune system)

30
Q

Can skin be used as a diagnostic aid ?

A

yes, • it can reflect events occurring in other parts of the body

31
Q

rashes and lesions cause by ?

A

o can be manifestations of problems elsewhere
♣ scarlet fever – from bacterial infection of throat – release toxin that produces pink rash
♣ allergic reactions – histamine release producing swelling and redness – hives

32
Q

what is cherry red nails bed or lips ?

A

carbon monoxide poisoning (not always seen – occurs when haemoglobin binds >25% carbon monoxide

33
Q

what is psoriasis ?

A

• arises from malfunction of keratinization process
o stems cells in stratum basale unusually active
• affected areas have red bases and large scales of epidermis that are sloughed off

34
Q

Can skin shows nutritional status ?

if so, example ?

A

♣ vitamin A deficiency – causes excess keratin production = sandpaper texture to skin
♣ iron deficiency anemia – nails lose normal contour – become flat or concave

35
Q

hair composition changes when ..

A

o poisonings - heavy metals (lead), arsenic, incorporated in shaft

36
Q

What are merkel cells ?

A
  1. specialized epidermal cells associated with sensory nerve endings
    o responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure
37
Q

during pregnancy or disease state, does it change the person melanin production ?

A

yes, it changes due to hormones which increases melanin production.
o estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone in pregnant females

38
Q

what is albinism ?

A

o albinism = recessive genetic trait that results in lack of tyrosinase – the enzyme required to make melanin so lack pigment in skin, hair and irises of eyes

39
Q

what is Addison’s disease.

A

o increased adrenocorticotropic hormones

40
Q

dermis is divided into 2 layers ?

A

papillary layer

reticular layer

41
Q

what type of connective tissue is there in the dermis ?

A

• collagen is the main connective tissue fiber but also contains elastin and reticular fibers

42
Q

reticular layer

A

layer = dense irregular connective tissue
o main layer of the dermis
o continuous with subcutaneous tissue
o resists stretching in many directions
o orientation of elastin and collagen fibers in some directions more than others

43
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

not part of the skin but skin rests on top of it
• hypodermis or superficial fascia
• loose connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages
• supplies blood vessels and nerves to skin
• amount of adipose in the subcutaneous layer varies with age, sex and diet
o stores approximately half the lipids of the body
o insulates body
o pads (protects) underlying structures
o energy source

44
Q

papillary layer

A

loose connective tissue with thin fibers
o more superficial layer containing dermal papillae – projections that extend toward the epidermis
o contains capillaries – smallest blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the epidermis
o lie in parallel curving ridges in the thick skin of the hands and soles of the feet and shape the overlying epidermis
♣ increase friction and improve grip
♣ form unique fingerprints and footprints

45
Q

reticular layer

A

layer = dense irregular connective tissue
o main layer of the dermis
o continuous with subcutaneous tissue
o resists stretching in many directions
o orientation of elastin and collagen fibers in some directions more than others

46
Q

vellus hair are replaced at puberty by terminal hairs in :

A

o pubic and axillary areas
o 90% of chest, arm and leg hairs in males, and 35% in females
o males – replacement of face vellus forms beard

47
Q

lanugo

A

• un-pigmented, delicate hair that appears at 3 months’ gestation
covers the fetus at 5-6 months’ gestation

48
Q

information about hair growth

A

♣ scalp hair grows for 2-5 years
♣ grows approximately 0.3 mm per day
♣ normally lose approximately 50 scalp hairs per day
♣ genetics and testosterone involved in pattern baldness

49
Q

what are the major glands of the skin ?

A

major glands of the skin = sebaceous and sweat glands

50
Q

hairs has when kind of cycle ?

A

has growth cycle and resting cycle – new cycle begins and new hair replaces old hair that falls out of the follicle

51
Q

information about hair growth

A

♣ scalp hair grows for 2-5 years
♣ grows approximately 0.3 mm per day
♣ normally lose approximately 50 scalp hairs per day
♣ genetics and testosterone involved in pattern baldness

52
Q

furuncle

A

♣ abscess (“boil”) caused by blockage of sebaceous follicle duct
• treatment = lancing (cutting) furuncle

53
Q

sebaceous glands

A

• simple or compound alveolar glands located in the dermis
o produce sebum – oily, white substance rich in lipids
♣ halocrine glands - products released by lysis and death of secretory cells
♣ oils hair and skin to prevent drying
♣ protects against some bacteria
o connected by duct to upper part of hair follicle

54
Q

sebaceous follicles

A

large sebaceous glans that communicate directly with the epidermis and do not contain hair

55
Q

Myocytes

A

(muscle cells) contract, or shorten along longitudinal axis and force produce movement

56
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscles attach to bone allowing body to move
o myofibers = long, slender, cylindrical, multi-nucleated cells
♣ nuclei located just under the plasma (cell) membrane
♣ sarcoplasm filled with bundles of contractile proteins whose arrangement causes muscle to be striated (contain light and dark bands)
o voluntary (conscious) neural control

57
Q

cardiac muscle

A 
•	found in the heart and is responsible for pumping of blood
o	cylindrical cells that are branched and shorter than skeletal muscle cells, contain one centrally located nucleus per cell, striated due to the arrangement of contractile proteins
o	intercalated discs between cells – specialized connections containing gap junctions 
o	involuntary (unconscious) neural control
58
Q

smooth muscle

A 
•	forms walls of hollow organs (except heart), iris of the eye, skin
o	small spindle-shaped cells with single centrally-located nucleus
o	arrangement of contractile proteins different from skeletal and cardiac muscle therefore no striations
o	involuntary (unconscious) neural control
59
Q

nervous tissue

A

• found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves and able to conduct electrical impulses (action potentials)

60
Q

neurons contains

A

• = conducting cells that contain:
o cell body with central nucleus
o dendrites – generally short multi-branched projections of the cell membrane that receive the action potentials allowing the impulse to move into the cell body
o axon (nerve fiber) –one per cell and is long, thin with a consistent diameter and conducts action potentials away from the cell body
• neuroglia = support cells that nourish, protect and insulate neurons

61
Q

tissue membrane

A

• thin sheet usually composed of a superficial epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer that covers a structure or lines a cavity

62
Q

skin

A

cutaneous membrane

63
Q

mucous membrane

A

• epithelial cells and thick layer of loose connective tissue – lamina propria
o line cavities and canals that open to the outside
♣ digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
o contain goblet cells or mucous glands that secrete mucus
♣ forms protective barrier that resists entry of pathogens

64
Q

serous membrane

A

• contains mesothelium – single layer of simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane, and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue

65
Q

serous membrane , where does it line ?

A

o do not open to the exterior – line cavities (e.g. pericardial sac)

66
Q

serous membrane , glands

A

o do not contain glands but mesothelium secretes serous fluid
♣ lubricates membrane and makes it slippery
♣ protects internal organs from friction
♣ acts as selective permeability barrier

67
Q

synovial membrane

A

• only made of connective tissue that line freely moveable joints
o secrete synovial fluid – rich in hyaluronic acid

Anatomy 101 (14 decks)

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