Integument - Downing

Question 1

In the dermis, what kind of tissue is the papillary layer and the reticular layer made out of?

Answer 1

Dense Irregular connective tissue

Question 2

What is the small layer of skin that sits on the proximal finger nail called?

Answer 2

Eponychium

Question 3

Epidermal layers?

Deep to superficial!

Answer 3

Stratum Germinativum (or basale)
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Corneum

Question 4

In what cell layer would you expect to find hemidesmosomes

Answer 4

Only in the germinativum - connected to the basement membrane

Question 5

Which epidermal layers are mitotically active?

Answer 5

Stratum germinativum

Stratum Spinosum

Question 6

What layer contains dead cells

Answer 6

stratum corneum

Question 7

Where do you normally see lamellar bodies?

Answer 7

They are in between cells especially in the superficial layers. (not really found in the basal layer

Question 8

What is psoriasis and how is it caused?

Answer 8

It is an increase of epidermal thickness and turnover of epidermal cells. Makes your skin really itchy.

It is caused by an increase in the number of proliferating cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.

Question 9

If your body makes antibodies against its own desmogleins. What will be your disease and symptoms?

Answer 9

Pemphigus Vulgaris

Disrupting the desmogleins which make up desmosomes. This causes blistering between cells

Question 10

What causes bullous pemphigoid?

Answer 10

Autosimmune blistering disorder of the dermis/epidermis junction.

Caused by disruption of hemidesmosomes.

Question 11

Why do some areas of the junction between dermis and epidermis have move dermal papillae than other areas?

Answer 11

The amount of dermal papillae increase relative to the amount of trauma that this area of skin generally experiences.

Question 12

Why should a surgeon know langer’s lines?

Answer 12

Sort of shows the direction that skins runs. Cutting with the grain will allow less complicated healing.

Question 13

What kind of tissue is the hypodermis made of?

Answer 13

Loose connective tissue

• often has a lot of adipose tissue as well!

Question 14

What is the mechanism behind skin pigmentation??????

Answer 14

In a melanocyte: tyrosine within melanosomes are broken down by tyrosinase into a melanin polymer. These melanosomes are then transferred from the melanocyte to epidermal cells.
Melanin is a dark brown color that makes the skin darker.

Question 15

What causes the difference between darker and lighter-skinned individuals?

Answer 15

Lighter - Melanosomes are smaller and are degraded much easier

Darker - Melanosomes are larger and dispersed through the karatinocyte. Harder to break down quickly.

** The actual number of melanosomes produced is actually very similar between races **

Question 16

What happens when you tan?

Answer 16

Your existing melanin is immediately darkened and sun exposure also causes a gradual increase in tyrosinase activity

Question 17

What autoimmune disease causes depigmentation by destroying melanocytes

Answer 17

Vitiligo

Question 18

What part of the hair structure contains mitotic activity?

Answer 18

The matrix!

Question 19

Compare black, brown, blond, red, and gray hair!

Answer 19

Black hair: well-oxidized tyrosine

Brown & blond hair: same pigment, but less of it

Red hair: contains pigment of limited oxidation

Gray hair: mixture of white and black/brown hair

Question 20

Cure for male-pattern bladness?

Answer 20

Castration.

Because it is hereditary and has to do with male sex hormone

Question 21

What is lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair?

Answer 21

Lanugo - just fetuses

Vellus - soft, fine hair

Terminal - coarser hair

Question 22

Function of arrector pili muscle?

Answer 22

It is sympathetically innervated and serves to make hair stand on end and produce goosebumps

Also helps move sebaceous gland products

Question 23

What causes blackheads and whiteheads?

Answer 23

Both are blockages of the sebaceous glands.

Blackheads are still somewhat open to the surface, whereas whiteheads are closed to the surface.

Question 24

Sebaceous glands are found where?

Answer 24

Anywhere theres a hair follicle.

AND

eyelids, areolae of mammary glands, labia minora, glans of penis, corners of lips

Question 25

What hormone is acne associated with

Answer 25

Androgen

from adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries

Question 26

What is the easiest way to tell the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 26

Apocrine sweat glands have a giant space for their lumen compared to the small one seen in eccrine sweat glands

Question 27

Where do you find eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 27

Eccrine - everywhere

Apocrine - axillary region, areolae, anogenital region

Question 28

What are the two types of skin receptors that we need to know?

Answer 28

Meissner’s corpuscles - for touch

Pascinian Corpuscles - for pressure
look like onion!