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BIOL 307 lab > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 major views for labelling drawings?

A

rostral: toward nose
caudal: toward tail
ventral: toward belly
dorsal: toward back
medial: toward middle
lateral: toward side

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2
Q

What are the 3 major axes for labelling drawings?

A

rostral-caudal
dorsal-ventral
medial-lateral

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3
Q

What are 3 major planes for labelling biological drawings?

A

horizontal plane (plane splitting horizontally in half)
coronal plane (plane splitting front from back)
sagittal plane (plane between eyes/down spine)

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4
Q

What are the 3 major layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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5
Q

What are the major functions of the skin?

A

protection
barrier
regulator
sensory

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6
Q

What kind of secretory cells does the skin have?

A

mucoid
proteinaceous

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7
Q

What do mucoid cells do?

A

produce mucus

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8
Q

What do proteinaceous cells do?

A

produce slimes, poisons

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9
Q

Which of the 3 layers is the surface/outer layer?

A

epidermis

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum: outermost layer
ketatins
stratum germinativum: innermost layer

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11
Q

Which is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

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12
Q

What are keratins?

A

fibrous proteins found in the epidermis that can be alpha keratin or beta keratin types

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13
Q

Describe alpha keratin; where are they found?

A

relatively soft (can be hard)
component of hair, nails, horns

found in the epidermis

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14
Q

Describe beta keratin; where are they found?

A

hard
component of feathers, reptilian scales, claws, beaks

found in the epidermis

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15
Q

Where do keratinocytes mature?

A

in the stratum spinosum

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16
Q

What is the innermost layer of the epidermis? What is significant about it?

A

stratum germinativum

the main site of cell division

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17
Q

Where is the main site of cell division in the epidermis?

A

the stratum germinativum

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18
Q

Describe the basic make up of the dermis

A

it’s a meshwork of collagenous and elastic fibers

it has two layers:
stratum spongiosum
stratum compactum

also contains
- mechanoreceptors
- nerves
- blood vessels
- other structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands

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19
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

stratum spongiosum
stratum compactum

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20
Q

What two types of fibers are found in the dermis?

A

collagenous
elastic

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21
Q

Aside from fibers, what other
things are found in the dermis?

A

mechanoreceptors
blood vessels
nerves
depending on the groups, some have hair follicles, sweat glands

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22
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

connective and adipose tissue

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23
Q

what is the scale bar formula?

A

drawing size/ actual size = X mm length of scale bar / mm represents scale bar

ex.
drawing size = 120 mm
actual size = 0.8 mm
represents scale bar = 0.1 mm

length of scale bar = (120 x 0.8) / 0.1 = 15 mm

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24
Q

What is the germ tissue origin of the epidermis?

A

ectoderm

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25
Q

What germ tissue did the dermis arise from?

A

mesoderm

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26
Q

What separates the epidermis and the dermis?

A

the basement membrane which is a non-cellular layer

27
Q

T or F: the epidermis is generally thicker than the dermis

A

false

the dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis

28
Q

Which contains more cell types: dermis or epidermis?

A

the epidermis

29
Q

Briefly describe the epidermis of bony fish

A

non-keratinized

thin

glandular

coated with a non-cellular cuticle produced by mucus cells

many mucus cells present

glands are near the surface of the epithelium

multiple types of cells can be present: epithelial, mucus, club

30
Q

Are bony fish integuments keratinized?

A

no

31
Q

Describe the basic structure of bony fish integuments

A

thin, glandular, mucus coating, non-keratinized

32
Q

What is the purpose of the mucus cuticle coating bony fish?

A

reduces drag in water (improves flow of water across the skin surface)

protection against infection

participates in osmoregulation

predator evasion = makes them slippery, and sometimes includes toxic chemicals

33
Q

What are the 3 common types of cells in bony fish epidermis?

A

epithelial
mucus
club

34
Q

Describe the dermis of fish

A

thin

composed of loose and dense connective tissues

features:
- chromatophores
- mast cells
- scale beds
- scales

35
Q

Where do fish scales originate?

A

from the dermis

36
Q

How does the origin of fish scales compare to scales in tetropods?

A

fish scales originate from the dermis, whereas tetrapod scales originate from the epidermis

37
Q

How do scales in cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) differ to those in bony fish?

A

cartilaginous fish have placoid scales which are not flat like those in bony fish, but look like shark teeth

38
Q

In what way does amphibian integument not represent the skin of fish?

A

lacks scales

surface skin cells are keratinized

39
Q

The stratum corneum is best developed in what type of amphibians?

A

ones that spend more time on land

these cells are molted in sheets occasionally

40
Q

What causes warts on toads?

A

local thickenings of cells

41
Q

What is the major function of the integument for most amphibians?

A

major respiratory organ

42
Q

How does the skin contribute to respiration in amphibians?

A

the dermis has many blood vessels and lymph spaces for gas exchange

43
Q

How does amphibians prevent water loss when they’re on land?

A

mucus glands in their epidermis-dermis secrete a mucus cuticle to keep their skin moist

44
Q

Where are poison glands located in amphibian skin?

A

the epidermis

45
Q

How have reptiles ‘airproofed’ their skin?

A

use of keratin and lipids

46
Q

How has the reptilian integument been modified for life on land?

A

the epidermis has been hardened to cover the reptile in horny scales

47
Q

What do snakes and lizards molt?

A

their entire epidermis layer

48
Q

What composes the reptilian epidermis?

A

first layer is characterized by beta-keratin - tough, thick, dead, and acellular layer

deeper layer is characterized by alpha-keratin

49
Q

What is a major component of fish and amphibian skin which reptilian skin is lacking?

A

mucus glands - reptiles do not have mucus glands

50
Q

What are scutes?

A

layers of overlapping keratinized scales of epidermal origin in some reptiles (crocodiles, tortoises) that are not shed, but instead layered over time

51
Q

What is the major difference between bird skin and all other vertebrates?

A

the presence of feathers

52
Q

Where do feathers originate from?

A

the epidermis

53
Q

What is a second major difference between bird skin and other vertebrates? But common between non-bird reptiles?

A

non-glandular

just one single gland

54
Q

How many glands are present in the bird integument? What is/are the function(s)?

A

1

secretes oil for preening and waterproofing

55
Q

What type of keratin are feathers made of?

A

beta

56
Q

How do the epidermis and dermis of mammals grow in relation to one another?

A

they are interwoven through epidermal and dermal ridges

57
Q

How is mammal skin classified as thin or thick?

A

by the extent to which the outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized

58
Q

Where is thick mammalian skin typically found?

A

in areas of the body where there’s more abrasion (ex. bottom of feet, hands)

59
Q

What are some examples of skin derivatives in mammals? where do they originate?

A

hair
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
nails

epidermal

60
Q

Describe the connection between hair, hair follicles and sebaceous glands in mammals

A

a strand of hair is composed of a cornified shaft and a root with a hair follicle

sebaceous glands secrete sebum (oil) into the neck of a hair follicle

61
Q

In mammals, what gland types develop in association with hair follicles and which do not?

A

do: sebaceous glands
do not: sweat glands

62
Q

What are two other features of mammalian skin?

A

blood vessels
adipose tissue

63
Q

What is the purpose of skin derivatives such as hair in mammals?

A

heat retention

BIOL 307 lab (9 decks)

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