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BIOL 307 lab > Fish dissection > Flashcards

Fish dissection Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered the head of a fish?

A

the anterior end, posterior to the last gill slit

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2
Q

What are the major features of a fish head?

A

snout
eyes
mouth
tongue
operculum (gill cover)
branchiostegal rays
isthmus
gill membrane
gill cavity

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3
Q

What features does the snout have?

A

external nares (nostrils)

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4
Q

What kind of organs are the external nares (nostrils) of a fish?

A

olfactory only, no respiratory function

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5
Q

T or F: external nares of fish are both olfactory and respiratory organs

A

false. Only olfactory, they are blind-ended sacs and not connected to the oral cavity

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6
Q

T or F: fish sleep with their eyes open, why / why not?

A

true because fish don’t have movable eyelids

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7
Q

How does the vision of fish that live in shallow water compare to fish in deeper water?

A

shallow water: tend to have colour vision

deeper water: have reflective crystals to enhance vision in poor light conditions (reflective green)

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8
Q

What is the mouth margin of a fish called?

A

gape

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9
Q

Which two bones may contribute to the gape in a bony fish?

A

maxilla or premaxilla

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10
Q

Describe fish tongues

A

either cartilaginous or bony

immobile

not involved in food consumption

might have teeth

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11
Q

T or F: fish tongues are muscular

A

false - they are either cartilaginous or bony

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12
Q

What is unique about bony fish tongues?

A

they are cartilaginous or bony
some have teeth
not involved in eating

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13
Q

What is the function of the operculum?

A

it covers and protects the gill openings and controls water flow over gills

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14
Q

Which fish groups have operculums? which don’t?

A

operculum present:
bony fish
ratfish (cartilaginous)

operculum absent:
cartilaginous fish (shark, rays)
marine eels

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15
Q

What are branchiostegal rays?

A

fanned, parallel bony struts that connect skin membranes under and beside the mandible/lower jaw

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16
Q

What are branchiostegal rays used for?

A

allow for drawing in water into mouth

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17
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

the skin that runs underneath (ventral) and connects the sides of the lower jaw

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18
Q

What are the gill membranes?

A

membranes that cover the gill cavity and are supported by the branchiostegal rays

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19
Q

What is a holobranch?

A

another name for a gill

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20
Q

How many holobranchs do most bony fish have?

A

4

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21
Q

What is the gill cavity?

A

underneath the operculum where the gill arches (holobranchs) are located

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22
Q

What form the respiratory surface?

A

the gill filaments

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23
Q

What is the name of the body compartment behind the head?

A

the trunk

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24
Q

Describe the trunk

A

posterior to the last gill slit to the base of the tail

25
Q

What are the two major components of the trunk?

A

Paired fins
unpaired fins

26
Q

What are the most obvious features of the trunk?

A

fins

27
Q

What are the two paired fins?

A

pectoral fins - anterior

pelvic fins - posterior

28
Q

What are the pectoral fins attached to?

A

the pectoral girdle

29
Q

In more advanced bony fishes, what are the pelvic fins attached to?

A

the pelvic girdle, but it in some it has migrated up and fused to the pectoral girdle

30
Q

What are the 5 unpaired fins?

A

dorsal

finlets

anal fin

caudal fin

adipose fin

31
Q

In what ways can the dorsal fin(s) be present?

A

always along the dorsal midline

can be single, paired, or in threes

can be a single continuous fin

32
Q

In some fish, what are the dorsal fins used for?

A

propulsion

33
Q

In more advanced bony fish, what else can be present with the dorsal fins?

A

spines - rigid, inflexible

rays - soft, flexible

34
Q

What are finlets?

A

small
numerous
flag-like projections

35
Q

Where are finlets located?

A

between dorsal and caudal fins or posterior to the anal fin

36
Q

Which kind of fish would have finlets? why?

A

fast-swimming fish like tuna and mackerel because they likely function to reduce drag

37
Q

Where is the anal fin located?

A

midventrally and posterior to the anus

38
Q

How many anal fins can be present?

A

one or two

39
Q

What is the function of the anal fins?

A

prevent rolling - acts as a vertical stabilizer

40
Q

What type of fish will usually lack anal fins?

A

bottom-dwellers

41
Q

How does the shape/size of the caudal fin vary?

A

it depends on the fish’s swimming style

42
Q

describe the adipose fin? where is it located?

A

small
soft
located posterior to dorsal fin

43
Q

What type of fish have adipose fins?

A

salmoniforms

44
Q

What is the lateral line system?

A

a sensory system that runs laterally from the head to the tail

45
Q

What is the lateral line system composed of?

A

jelly-filled canals with specialized sense organs (neuromasts)

46
Q

What is the function of the lateral line system?

A

to feel pressure changes caused by vibrations from moving prey

47
Q
A
48
Q

What are the 4 types of fish scales?

A

placoid
ganoid
cycloid
ctenoid

49
Q

What kind of scales do fish without spiny dorsal fins have?

A

cycloid scales

50
Q

what kind of scales do fish with spiny rays in dorsal fins have?

A

ctenoid

51
Q

Describe placoid scales - what type of fish have these?

A

aka dermal denticles
tiny, unlayered
tooth-like scales

characteristic Chondrichthyes

52
Q

Describe ganoid scales - what type of fish have these?

A

heavy
plate-like
form a body armour

ancestral fish like bichirs, gar, stugeons

53
Q

Describe cycloid scales - what type of fish have these?

A

thin
round
smooth
flat
overlapping

soft-rayed fish - salmon, trout

54
Q

Describe ctenoid scales - what type of fish have these?

A

tiny, comb-like projections on exposed end
rough

mostly spiny-rayed fish - ex. perch

55
Q

Describe the circulation circuit of fish hearts

A

single circuit - blood passes through the heart once per circuit

56
Q

how many times does blood pass through the heart per circuit ?

A

once

57
Q

What is the swim bladder?

A

a thin-walled sac in the dorsal body cavity to adjust buoyancy

58
Q

T or F: jawless fish (lamprey and hagfish) lack a true stomach

A

true

BIOL 307 lab (9 decks)

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