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BIOL 307 lab > Chordate Basics > Flashcards

Chordate Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 basic chordate characteristics?

A

perforated pharynx / pharyngeal gill slits

notochord

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

endostyle/thyroid

post-anal, muscular tail

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2
Q

T or F: every chordate, at every stage, has all 5 characteristics

A

false

the 5 characteristics are present at any life stage of all chordates

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3
Q

Describe perforated pharynx/pharyngeal gill slits

A

slits/holes in pharynx (posterior to mouth)

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4
Q

What is the major function of a perforated pharynx?

A

to allow water that has entered the animal’s mouth to leave without passing through the digestive tract

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5
Q

How is a perforated pharynx used in chordates?

A

for suspension-feeding

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6
Q

For what functions have perforated pharynxes been modified?

A

gas exchange (aquatic vertebrates, ex. fish)
jaw support
hearing

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7
Q

Describe the notochord

A

a skeletal structure between the digestive tube and nerve cord

elastic, laterally flexible, but composed of pretty stiff tissues

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8
Q

In vertebrates, which life stage is the notochord often present?

A

embryo

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9
Q

What does the notochord become in vertebrate adults?

A

remnants - ex. vertebral disks

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10
Q

Where is the dorsal, hollow nerve cord located?

A

dorsal to the notochord

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11
Q

What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop from? develop into?

A

from: ectoderm

into: brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the muscular, post-anal tail made of? what does it do?

A

made of muscular and skeletal elements

used for propulsion in aquatic animals

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13
Q

What is the endostyle/thyroid gland?

A

a ciliated groove in the floor of the pharynx used to trap food particles

thyroid glands metabolize iodine

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14
Q

What are the 2 invertebrate groups of Chordates?

A

Cephalochordata (lancelets/amphioxus)

Urochordata (Tunicates)

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15
Q

Which is the major genus of Cephalochordates?

A

Branchiostoma

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16
Q

What are two other names for Cephalochordates?

A

lancelets
amphioxus

17
Q

What are the basic characteristics of Cephalochordates (lancelets)?

A

small
blade-like
retain chordate characteristics into adulthood

18
Q

T or F: lancelets are the only chordates that retain chordate characteristics into adulthood

A

true

19
Q

Compare the larval stage and adult stage of Cephalochordates (lancelets)

A

larvae: planktonic, feeding

adults: can swim, but mostly burrow

20
Q

How do Cephalochordates (lancelets) conduct gas exchange?

A

across external body surface

21
Q

What function do pharyngeal gill slits have in Cephalochordates (lancelets)?

A

used for filter-feeding

22
Q

Describe Urochordates (Tunicates)

A

small
marine
sessile
suspension feeding
solitary or colonial

23
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Urochordates (tunicates)?

A

body is fully enclosed in a tunic (composed of tunicin and other proteins)
U-shaped gut
endostyle present
ganglion nervous system
tubular heart can reverse direction of blood flow

24
Q

What class do most tunicates belong to?

A

Ascidiacea

25
Q

What type of chordate can reverse its blood flow?

A

Urochordates (Tunicates)

26
Q

Compare the larval stage and adult stage of Urochordates (Tunicates)

A

larvae:
tadpole
short-lived
non-feeding
tail with notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord

adults:
no notochord, nerve cord, or tail

27
Q

Describe reproduction in Urochordates (tunicates)

A

individuals are hermaphroditic (one ovary, one testis)
reproduce tadpole larva

28
Q

T or F: adult Urochordates (tunicates) look very similar to larvae and retain many of the chordate characteristics

A

false

they look very different and have lost the tail, nerve cord, and notochord

retain pharyngeal slits for filter feeding

29
Q

Which of the basic chordate features do humans retain as an adult? which are modified?

A

lost:
post-anal tail

retained:
endostyle = thyroid
nerve cord = brain and spine
notochord = vertebral disks
gill slits = jaws, ear bones

30
Q

What are the major advantages for paired pharyngeal gill slits?

A

allows filter feeding - not everything sucked into the mouth goes through the digestive tract

allows external gas exchange

31
Q

What are the major advantages for brain and dorsal nerve cord?

A

to sense and navigate and respond to environment

32
Q

What are the major advantages for segmented muscles?

A

for movement to catch prey and avoid predators
to navigate environment

33
Q

What are the major advantages for the notochord?

A

structural support

34
Q

What are the major advantages for post-anal tail?

A

for movement, especially if aquatic, to use as a propulsive force
for balance on land

35
Q

What are the major advantages for endostyle or thyroid?

A

endostyle assists in filter feeding

thyroid assists in iodine metabolism

BIOL 307 lab (9 decks)

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